The Handmaids Tale - Social Situation :: Handmaids Tale Essays

The Handmaids Tale - Social Situation Margaret Atwood's novel The Handmaids Tale belongs to the genre of anti-utopian (dystopian) science fiction where we read about a woman's fictive autobiography of a nightmarish United States at the end of the twentieth century when democratic institutions have been violently overthrown and replaced by the new fundamentalist republic of Gilead. In the novel the majority of the population are suppressed by using a "Bible-based" religion as an excuse for the suppression. How does this work and why can the girls, the so called Handmaids, be considered the victims of society? Also, in what way does Gilead use biblical allusions? That is some of the questions this essay will give answers for. To begin with the so called Handmaids are girls who have only one purpose in life which is to reproduce. They are women who when have reached the age and maturity to reproduce have been taken to Gilead where they are tattooed with four digits and an eye (Gilead's tattoo which works as a passport in reverse) which immobilises them, in contrast to the winged male eye which is the state symbol. Then they are re-educated at the so called Red-centre, the name emphasises female sexuality and how they are taught there can be linked with brainwashing. They are told how lucky they should feel because they have been saved from the primitive and cruel outside world where women are being raped and maltreated. Other things they learn are numerous sayings and mottos of the Red-centre like "Pen is Envy" which is based on a Freudian psychoanalytic theory which presents "penis envy" as an essential element of femininity, and a mark of "woman's natural inferiority to men". So knowing this, are they actually better of in Gilead? There they are "valued only in terms of their biological usefulness as child bearers" due to that the birth rate in the society has fallen to a catastrophically low level because of deadly pollution and sexually transmitted diseases which cause sterility and infertility. They are known by their Commanders first names, Of -(name of commander), this to underline their function as sexual objects without individuality. Moreover, apart from being deprived their own names Handmaids are also deprived legal rights.

Translation in Movies Names

Introduction As we all known, film is an audio-visual art. This glamorous act is a magnificent gem in human history, which creates romantic stories and leads human into a marvelous land we have never come before. Looking back to the development history of film, we cannot deny that film reflects the society reality and the time spirit. As the cultural exchange between China and overseas become booming, film plays an important role as culture envoy. Film was entrusted with the mission to let more people from different cultural backgrounds to enjoy the entertainment and share advanced technology together.This is an unavoidable trend in the world now. The film is an art, unlike other type of work, producing an effect on the human senses through a variety of information media. So the translation of film titles is also different from other kinds of translation. From its type, title translation belongs to special translation studies. English Translation of Movie Titles, Even though only a s mall number of domestic scholars did this research, title translation is beginning to attract people’s attention.As we know, China has been more open for its movie market and its domestic movie industry is booming, an increasing number of overseas films come into Chinese big screens. Meanwhile, a great number of local movies have found their way to the international market. Films are not only a way of spreading exotic culture to the local audience, but also a significant approach to disseminate national culture for overseas people. Thus, translation in movies names is of great importance when both introducing foreign movies and selling domestic ones. Suitable translation can attract the public to enter into cinemas.Local films can also benefit a lot from good translation as well when being publicized overseas. In recent years, it is indeed an amazing feat to study translation by analyzing the structure of communication, especially suitable for the translation of movie titles because the film itself is a mass media. Communication is the activity of conveying information. In the process of title translation, information conveying is more complicated as translation is a cross-cultural information dissemination. As a necessary part of culture, the movie name is inevitably reflected the characteristics of their respective cultures.Although Chinese and Western cultures are different, we can still find many similarities between the two. Undoubtedly, movie title translation contributes a lot to cultural exchanges. If the title translation concern more about film name itself and cultural implication, it will receive an unexpected effect. II. The Importance of Movies Names Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. It is a process of creation which is based on certain culture implication and scientific knowledge. Therefore, the translation is re-creation.Most movie titles have only a f ew words, however, it is the crowning touch to the film. This important role put forward higher requirements for the translation of film titles. Film is an audio-visual art. Instead of being displayed in the shelves as books and newspapers, it firstly appeals to the audience by its name. Thus, movies names are the key to affect the box-office receipts. In another words, to a movie, its name is being its slogan and advertisement. Therefore, each word and phrase in the movies names should be carefully weighed against the original language to ensure the fullest accuracy and clarity.According to some reports, some producers in developed countries spare no effort to give perfect names to their movies. A movie may have several provisional names which could be revised more than once before it comes out in theaters. What is more, a movie may get no certain name even its whole photography process has been finished. For some Chinese well-known movie companies, they have established panels whi ch are composed of many professional translators to make their movies’ names sound more international and let the foreign people know better about the movie before entering into the cinema. III.Methods of Translation As title translation is of great significance, translators should try their best to make the movie names sound more popular and colloquial to increase persuasion and appeal. To deal with the cultural differences in intercultural translation, various skills can be adopted, including literal translation, free translation, adding translation, and explanation translation. The movie title is the unity of language and national culture, so the title translation should adopt a flexible method, and strive to impress the audience to achieve the same function with the original title. 1.Literal Translation 1. 1. Characteristics Literal translation, or directed translation, is the rendering of text from one language to another â€Å"word-for-word† rather than conveying the sense of the original. Literal translation seeks to carry over every possible nuance of meaning in the original words of movies’ names into our own language and as far as possible to capture the precise wording of the original text and style. As such, its emphasis is on â€Å"word-for-word† correspondence, at the same time taking into account differences of grammar, syntax, and idiom between current literary English and Chinese.Thus it seeks to be transparent to the original text, letting the public see as directly as possible the structure and meaning of the original. Based on the language universals, literal translation can convey the origin content using the similar forms. 1. 2. Examples Some movies named by leading characters can employ literal translation to retain the intention and context. Britain film Jane Eype ( ), American film Spartacus ( ), Sister Carrie ( ) and Dr. Edward ( ) are good examples of using this method. These names sound natural and are ea sy to remember.There are also some films named by the nickname of the characters adopting literal translation. Taking the Rain Man( ) as an example, rain man is another saying of people with autism. Its Chinese name, an essentially literal translation, illustrated the subject of the film that the leading character Rain is having some emotional frustration. What is more, the Miner †s Daughter, biographical film based on the life story of the famous American country music singer, Houluolita Lynn , was literally translated as ; An American in. of Paris, the 24th Academy Awards Good movie, was translated as The Godfather, 45th Oscar Best Picture, was also translated as. These good translation versions are consistent with the appearance, while maintaining the essence of the original name both in the form and in the meaning. 2. Paraphrase 2. 1. Characteristics The word â€Å"paraphrase† is defined as: under the limitations of the social and cultural differences in the target language, the translator had to abandon the literal meaning of the original form to match and the main language features. A paraphrase or free translation is a restatement of the meaning of a text or passage using other words.In contrast to the â€Å"essentially literal† translation, paraphrase have followed a â€Å"thought-for-thought† rather than â€Å"word-for-word† translation philosophy, emphasizing â€Å"dynamic equivalence† rather than the â€Å"essentially literal† meaning of the original. A â€Å"thought-for-thought† translation is of necessity more inclined to reflect the interpretive opinions of the translator and the influences of contemporary culture. Paraphrase is another way that often used when translating because there is linguistic disparity between different countries.When the ideological content of the original forms and expression of the translation are contradictory, translators would paraphrase them instead of using l iteral translation in order to maintain the names’ same meaning and linguistic function. The way to decide which content suits direct translation, or which content is suitable for free translation, depends on the comparative study of culture and linguistics between ancient and today. 2. 2. Examples The film adaptation of Robert James Waller novel, The Bridges of Madison County, was literally translated as.This translation is unable to arouse the audience's imagination, but the effect of another version as will be not the same. It not only strengthens the theme, but also appeals to the imagination of the audience, thus creating an artistic realm for them. In various types of construction, the bridge seems to be the best to lead to a romantic association, since ancient times, there have been a lot of touching love stories occurred at the bridge. â€Å" † symbolizes the lingering thoughts from year to year; â€Å"? † represents the pity and regret; â€Å"? tells us the love of the hero and heroine can only be a dream. Every word in the title can lead to endless thinking and a great deal of imagination. Whatever, paraphrasing should base on the content of the movie. Expressive form is the main difference between free translation and literal translation. The former needs to explain the meaning, on the other hand, the later translate the names directly. For instance, the move Gone with the Wind which is adapted from a well-known novel of the same title is translated as when it was released in China.This vision is not only pleasing to the eye but also accord with the content of the movie. But if it is named as , though having no language mistakes, is inferior. Another examples using this method are shown, such as Ghost ( ), The Wizard of OZ , Top Gun( ). Apart from the movies mentioned above, there are also similar examples which should translate according to their accent but employ paraphrase such as Rebecca( )and Cleopatra( ). 3. Transliter ation 3. 1. Characteristics Transliteration is translating the title into another language based on pronunciation.English movies, which are named after movie film hero's name or place name, are commonly used transliteration without causing a distortion of the target language culture. The hit movie Harry Potter used the transliteration because people are already familiar with the hero Harry as the great scale to the original best-selling and movie pre-publicity. But many examples show that there are very few examples of pure transliteration since the title of the person's name or place names are mostly familiar to the domestic audience, even incomprehensible.In the translation of Chinese names, and other proper nouns, many contradictions of transliteration will arise due to the difference between native language and foreign language phonetic systems. Using transliteration is bound to affect the attendance of the film. At this time, the transliteration adding to paraphrase should be g iven to consideration in order to obtain satisfactory results. Such as Patton( );Forrest, Gump( );King Kong( )and so on. 3. 2. Examples Movie Ben-Hur which is based on the biblical story was translated as .Ben-Hu is a film hero's name; Hollywood actor Sylvester Stallone wrote and performed the film Rocky won the 1976 annual Oscar Award for Best Picture. Rocky is name of the hero , transliterated as ; taken in 1973, the American film Papillon translated as is a classic escape theme movie. The Papillon is French, meaning â€Å"butterfly† . In the film it refers to the actor because he has a chest stab butterfly tattoo; 16th Oscar best Picture Award, known as the â€Å"the greatest love the movie of shadow history † Casablanca, translated as ,also uses the transliteration. It is well known that Casablanca is Morocco's largest city.Title using the example of the transliteration is simple and retains some â€Å"foreign flavor†. However, it should be noticed that so me movie titles of the person's name or place names are mostly familiar to the domestic audience such as Thelma and Louise. Thelma and Louise are the two heroines of the film. They encountered a series of sexual violence and sexual harassment during a simple trip. After the murder, they escaped. The film intends to convey a strong desire of the women to be the master of fate. And women's equality and security of personal social are the movie's themes. The film has been paraphrased as .This translation is very consistent with the film's theme and content. And its Chinese title is neither subject to the restrictions of English language. 4. Adding Transliteration 4. 1. Characteristics Some English words do not have their Chinese counterparts because of differences between two languages. In this case, translators often add some words to make the movie title sound comprehensive among the domestic audience. Adding translation is a case of adding some words based on the content of the movi e in order to meet the mental acceptance and cultural expectance of the audience. . 2. Examples For example, American movie Patton was translated as . It is a story telling about things happened during the World War?. People who are interested in the history of war or military stories would be attracted by its Chinese name before they entering into the cinema. But if the name was translated without any alteration, Chinese people would never guess the content and some groups of audience may be lost. Another example is The Piano which was translated as , if it was translated directly as , most people would think it was just an educational movie.However, translators added the word â€Å"? † to its original name to let the viewers get a brief idea of the movie that it is a story about things happened in a piano lesson. There are another cases also used this method such as Seven( ), Deep Impact( ), Sister Act( )and so on. IV. Principles of Translation Although the translation of film titles has its own specialty, it has something in common with other genres of translation. The translation process should reflect the following four principles: 1. Informative value principleTitle translation should convey the information related to the contents of the original film, achieving the unity of title form and film content, which is also called the equivalent of the value of information. The emphasis of translation of is equilibrium. The process of English movie title translation should firstly be faithful to the movie information. That means the translation of film titles should convey the information in line with the original information of the movie to achieve the unity of the translation of the title and original movie content.The word â€Å"faithful† refers to the translation must be accurate and truthful and the meaning can neither be free to distort, nor any increase or decrease. 2. Cultural value principle Translation is not simply the language conver sion process, but also the social phenomena of cultural exchanges. Cultural values, reflected in the title translation to promote cultural exchange and understanding, is the important task of the translation of film titles. The movie title reflects the cultural value of film, which requires the translator to be not only a mere translator but also a cultural carrier.So translators should have a deeper study of two kinds of language and culture. In the process of title translation, different languages have different conventions and codes. Then the translator is bound to follow certain cultural adaptation and take full account of cultural implication in order to better communicate cultural information through language. In the West, the social development history, geography and climate, history, political and economic values, customs, ethics are very different from Chinese.Cultural values firstly reflected in fully understanding cultural information and accurately transmitting the origi nal title culture. Let's take a look at a famous 1995 psychological thriller â€Å"seven†. The film a strong visual impact and the dark background described a highly philosophical meaning of the crime story: a crazy murderer to consider themselves to God, around the Catholic seven capital offenses disciplinary one by one kill. Seven capital offense refers to the seven men often commit the fault, namely: the gluttonous greed, , ,sloth , lust , pride , envy and rage wrath. Seven, this mysterious figure in the religious (which is in the old â€Å"fullest: God created Adam using seven days, remove the Adam's seventh ribs made the original body of Eve, Satan is the dragon of seven heads) in the film can be described as ubiquitous, seven crime seven penalty seven rain, the story takes place in seven days, or even ending by the offender set at 7 pm on the seventh day of the ubiquitous â€Å"7† imply that the fate of the Crime and Punishment.However, it is conceivable that if the Chinese translation for a â€Å"simple, Chinese audiences will not produce the same cultural association and identity, so the movie screened, translated as† Seven â€Å", pointing to the story line and the seven most major and religious meaning. It can be described as cultural values embodied in the classic example. Chinese translation of the film American Beauty, trouble is also the root cause of this. Popular translation – â€Å"American Beauty†, and earlier tacky little â€Å"American Beauty† is not accurate, it can be said too literally.American beauty is the red rose of the U. S. production of flowering seasons. The roses are beautiful, holy, said the noble and sacred love, especially red roses, but also love gift to share. According to the myths and legends, a god of love to personally pick Rose took to give his lover, too eager mood, the action is some confusion, accidentally finger was punctured by the squid, the blood sprinkled on the pet als of roses, originally The white petals dyed red.Cupid holding a rose-red with their blood spent to give lovers and lovers to see, very excited, gratitude for a hundredfold return Cupid's loyalty. After the red roses of pure love and firm, especially lovers favorite. Movie to spend Yu flower expressions, flowers and beauty, closer together. Taiwan's well-known herein florid translation of the change translated as â€Å"heart? Rose Love† to China rose instead of the United States rose to reveal the spiritual connotation of the film, it touches do not have mood.But the film also has a more direct and accurate cultural translation â€Å"American Beauty†. There is also a translation is called â€Å"Beautiful guilty† may be issued by the translator according to the story of lament! In addition, due to language and cultural differences, a form similar to the Chinese and British vocabulary, may refer to completely different content, such dubious often leads to disast rous mistranslation.For example: First Wives Club, has been translated as â€Å"The First Wives Club†, not knowing the first wives in English refers to the first wife of the men, and the Chinese culture, the size of the wife and concubines concubine Yigai irrelevant. This fun-filled comedy, in fact, about a group of Zaokangzhiqi how to revenge yourself Xiatang Chen Shimei her husband and marries another new love. Now translated as â€Å"the first wife club,† the first wife club â€Å"is more accurate.Another example: one hundred one of the classics of â€Å"the Third Man† is initially translated as â€Å"third party†, the Chinese audience mistakenly thought it was a marriage ethics film. In fact, â€Å"the Third Man,† referring to the film, the third car accident witnesses, the film changed translated as â€Å"personal† story translates as â€Å"living hell for the spirits of, I had stumbled on a DVD Title will be translated as the â€Å" third man†! Stick up down. Similarly, due to differences in cultural identity, vocabulary attached to the associative meaning it will miss is as good, Miao away.Animal words, for example, most of the symbol, meaning one after another. To Yibi vivid necessary to correctly understand their meaning. This is not difficult to understand why the movie Dragon Heart, no, literally translated as â€Å"Dragon Heart†. Taking into account the â€Å"dragon† negative associative meaning in English (reminiscent of the cruel, devil), as well as Chinese culture the dragon respected (the Chinese nation, the emperor, a symbol of success), the film, plus a â€Å"magic word translation The Tarrasque legendary.In addition, the title in the idioms, allusions to load a lot of cultural information, often not from the literal meaning of understanding, engaged in sloppy, Shuaier surgeon is bound to be mistakes, a laughing stock. For example, â€Å"Rambo: First Blood† has been trans lated as â€Å"First Blood†. Little do they know â€Å"the first the blood† is the English idiom, meaning â€Å"first battle†. Taiwan will be â€Å"One Flew, over the the Cuckoo's Nest,† translated as â€Å"the cuckoo's nest†, in fact, â€Å"the Cuckoo's Nest† in English is a â€Å"mental hospital† means! The film was adapted from Ken?Alexis (Ken Kesey, 1935-2001) according to himself experienced in the novel of the same name published in 1962, describes the brutal destruction of a mental hospital patient's humanity and basic human rights, strongly criticized the yoke of the social system, video the last Indians to shake and lift extremely heavy stone and splashing the lens, as well as his brave out of the guard of the prison behind bars, it is film body Now the true meaning: seemingly can not shake the cornerstone of the system, as long as the consciousness of resistance cohesion to a certain moment and broke out the exciting force, will eventually break all fetters, to achieve the newborn. Mainland translation Flew Over the Cuckoo â€Å"and therefore more accurate vividly embodies the true meaning of the original title and the film itself. Film interpretation of the cultural values, we should have the following consensus. On the one hand, you should see the title translation is subject to the target language culture. The target culture is bound to select the source culture, norms, and strengthen, exclusion and belittling, and attach their own cultural color.Chinese translation of the English movie â€Å"Love with My Father,† â€Å"Wedding Night† for the â€Å"Family Fun† â€Å"wedding night†, obviously mixed up with the Chinese cultural flavor. On the other hand, should recognize that translation is a dynamic process of cultural exchange, and therefore asked to judge the historical perspective to measure. In one region or one times fluent and readable translations in some areas, th e era is not necessarily a good translated. Such as space bottling (Space Jim) â€Å"disappeared Pretty Woman (the Runaway Bride) in Hong Kong popular translation in Hong Kong, but inland the audience is very difficult to understand. The meaning of â€Å"bottling† in Cantonese is â€Å"playing basketball†, â€Å"runaway† means â€Å"escape†.Speaking from a diachronic point of view, China's current loose, cheerful social environment, the cultural mentality of the two-way communication, with the further attention of the people to the outside world and social and cultural conditions of the mature, but also will undoubtedly promote the excellent translations of more closer to the style of the original film presented in front of an audience. Such as â€Å"Casablanca† (the Casablanca) has long been replaced by â€Å"Casablanca,† a domestic popular translation. â€Å"The Truman Show† (Trueman the Show translation: the drama of life, Trudeau door programs, etc. ) for a class in Britain a mixture of the title also has been increasingly accepted as part of the Chinese audience. 3. Aesthetic Value PrincipleThe title of the translation of stress to get rid of the original word bound, depth grasp of the ideological and aesthetic content of the work and the ingenuity of the artist's treatment of the original film, the new artistic creation. The native language of the art form to convey the image of the original, emotional, and language arts, the aesthetic experience of conduction in the audience. First of all we must be the exact words and the aesthetic value. The choice of words should strive to sound both the United States, Italy, expressive and vivid. As Somerset Maugham said, â€Å"the word of its power, its sound, and its shape; only consider the sentence, in order to write eye-catching ear†. The exact words and emphasis on vivid. Language used to create a mood, atmosphere, concentrated source language audience's feelings and conduction in the target language audience.Compare the following three groups of titles in English translation, is not difficult to find the second translation can give full play to the Chinese advantage and choice of words precise and appropriate artistic conception, cutting theme of the Central Plains piece, and thus even better: Ex1: You Can not Take It With You â€Å"translated a† you can not take away; â€Å"translated† Take It Ex2 has been engineered: A, Man, from the Snowy River â€Å"translation† from the Snowy River; â€Å"translation† Snowy River man As ex3: Ordinary People â€Å"translation† of ordinary people; â€Å"translation† mortal The exact words and emphasis on sound America. Translator through rhythm, pitch, rhythm, so that the title to read catchy, beautiful sounds, only to convey the emotional meaning, but also enhance the aesthetic effect. Chinese is a tone language, pitch the level of severity, length, sp eed, and constitute a self-assured, high and loud music, accurately express the rich and delicate feelings.Such as the Outland translated as â€Å"outer space† (cadence, rhyme), Courage, translated as â€Å"Under Fire, Life and Death of pride† (circumflex), translated as â€Å"Singing in the Rain† (rhyme) Singing in the Rain ‘, fully embodies the Chinese phonological . English as a tone language, its different tone, stress, light tone, accented arrangement constitute continuous fill the gap, the melody. Such as the â€Å"green lawn (1987), translated as the Green Green the Grass of Home,† great cycle â€Å"translated as the Wheel of Life, successfully embodies the beauty of the melody of English. Alliteration and rhyming English title in order to achieve the sound of America's method. Not uncommon in the title creation and translation.English Title: Picture Perfect (now translated: purely fictitious) Rock and the Rule (now translated: Jesus Christ, Magic Star), Limelight (now Translation: career on the stage); English Translation Title: City Under Siege (formerly known as Chinese: siege ) Fight in South and North (Chinese original name: Civil war) and so on. The exact words and emphasis on precise and appropriate and concise. Only a clear and concise title in order to attract viewers. Can be described as the culmination of many of our translators translated in this regard. Such as A Puzzlement of Love translated as â€Å"love confusion† and the Strange Tale translated as â€Å"strange tale† Intolerance translated as â€Å"partisan†, is lovely. The four-character phrase is often concise, sonorous sounds, expressive, heavily used in Title Translation, accounting for the Translation of title more than 60 percent.Such as: â€Å"Dances with Wolves (Dances with Wolves),† Home Alone â€Å"(Home Alone),† Forrest Gump â€Å"(Forest, Gump,)† Entrapment â€Å"(Entrapment), The Fugitive (the Fug itive), retaining flower portrait (the Bodyguard), The Interpreter (The Interpreter). Another aspect of the aesthetic value is the use of rhetorical devices. Translator copy or a creative way to use rhetoric to cause aesthetic pleasure to the audience. Such as simile Gaslight translated as â€Å"Lang heart, such as iron, repeated France A Few Good Man, translated as† good people only a handful of â€Å"antisense method True Lies translated as† True Lies â€Å", the control of the Great The Great Gatsby, Old wives for New, Love Me Tenderly translated as â€Å"Great Gatsby† old pet new love, â€Å"† Hud Rouchang â€Å"are worthy of our study. 4. Commercial Value PrincipleThe film is both a cultural and commercial art, in the title translation, of course, need to take into account commercial considerations. This requires the translator to take full advantage of the cultural characteristics of the target language and aesthetic interests, to create out of th e language the audience loved the movie title, causing psychological identity, stimulate aesthetic pleasure and viewing desires. For example, according to Canadian writer Michael? Weng Dajie (Michael Ondaatje) best-selling novel of the same name adapted from the English the Patient, is the Second World War for the background of male and female for a period beyond the moral boundaries, romantic and poignant love story about.The novel won the British Booker Prize for Literature, an international reputation, to retain the original novel title attractive to Europe and the United States audience. Hong Kong local audience know very little about the novel, if literally translated as â€Å"The English Patient†, but uninteresting, translator therefore another translated as â€Å"Do not ask who I am†, lyrical strong and fastened the entire film pursuing the life experience of the plot of The English Patient, by the local audience favorite. Taiwan translation of â€Å"The Englis h Patient, VCD, translated† troubled love days â€Å"are fastened film Sad love theme, a strong poetic, after masterpiece.Another embodiment of the commercial value is the title emphasize novel and eye-catching, good at creating suspense, rendering the atmosphere. For example, It Happens One Night Translated as â€Å"It Happened One Night†, translated as â€Å"Sister Act, Sister Act† the Net â€Å"network Cry†, it is very novel and fascinating. Mainland translation of the thriller The Rock â€Å"The Rock†, Hong Kong translation of â€Å"The Rock, Taiwan translated as† Jedi task all tastes, and naturally apt, full of suspense, reflects the combination of artistic and commercial. To achieve the above two purposes, the commercial value reflected in the translation process requires bold and innovative, â€Å"carried away†, or even to change the title in the form to save the contents of the original title.In specific operations, the transl ator often use to increase the word, minus the word, changing classes, and expansion to be translated, and thus play depth to convey the contents of the original film, and enhance the title role of infectious. Please observe the following translation of the cases: Blood and Sand, translated as â€Å"Treasure of the Sierra sand, plus lexical Piano plus the word translated as â€Å"The Piano† the Independence Day by the word translated as â€Å"Independence Day flames, the the Three Musketeers to increase word translated as â€Å"the pride of The Three Musketeers† She is So Lovely reduction translated as â€Å"pleasant child. In the heat of the Night less inflammation Night â€Å".The paraphrase After Vivid, natural and appropriate. Sometimes the literal translation, free translation is difficult to appropriately reflect the contents of the original film, to inspire the audience aesthetic pleasure: some post-translational obscure, nondescript; others are bland, no ch arm. Required to set aside the original title of the form and content, based on the original film content, reinvent the wheel, the source language of the eyes of the target language audience bland title, vividly reproduce the form of language that people loved. Title translator in China in this regard there are many superior for beautiful choice of words, right, and vividly depicts the original film content.Such as Of Mice and Men the movie, adapted from the realist writer John? Steinbeck (John Steinbeck had 1902-2002) of the same name novel â€Å"Of Mice and Men† all resistance analogy farmers efforts are in vain, are able to escape to John? The fate of the mole to describe the poetry of Donne ((John Donne) — hard making good house final inevitably destroyed by the rake of film titles did not copy the title literally translated, but the change to be translated as â€Å"living things† implicit in â€Å"Of Mice and Men† moral of the story to inspire the ri ch Chinese cultural associations (such as Buddhism in the face in the crowd the pain), but also reflects the commercial value, can be described as a rare good translation.In addition, the Volcano is translated as â€Å"to fire Siege, Ghost translated as† Ghost â€Å"Patch Adams, translated as† Cherish the truth â€Å"; If Looks Could Kill translated as† Rear Window shade; the Shark Tale Shark Tale † â€Å"Once Upon a Time† translated as Once Upon a Time in China, Guangdong and Hong Kong criminals â€Å"is translated as Long, the Arm of the Law,† Once a Thief â€Å"translated Once a in Thief are on the product. The above example, you can see, the title translation is not a simple machine to copy the content and form of the original title, but should retain the original value of information, cultural values, aesthetic values, and appropriate emphasis on its commercial value, to achieve functional peer.Specifically, that the movie title should not only be faithful to the original film, but also conforms to the language and cultural characteristics, aesthetic taste; achieve beautifully written, concise and full of strong attraction and appeal; attractive, increase ticket sales. With the increasingly active in international cultural exchange activities, more and more English movies into the Chinese market. Prerequisite to a wonderful apt title of the Chinese to English movies dubbed, became attractive vision of the audience, made box office profits. This article discusses the in-depth analysis of a large number of translated cases on the basis of English movie title translation strategies used five methods, namely, transliteration, translation, free translation, compilation and expansion of translation. ?.Characteristics of Translation In fact, many translation of English Movie Titles reflect the Chinese cultural meaning. Bear the brunt under Waterloo Bridge. â€Å"Waterloo Bridge† in English formerly known as the â €Å"Bridge, Waterloo † Literal translation â€Å" â€Å". Translated as â€Å" † intended to take the traditional Chinese Huangmei Opera Excerpts â€Å" â€Å". â€Å" † is about a poignant love story, coincides with the misfortune of the hero and heroine of Waterloo Bridge. Therefore, videos translated as â€Å"Waterloo Bridge† is not only reflected the main content of the film, but contains the Chinese culture. Another talent of Translation was undoubtedly a Pear Tree pressure Begonia.The film in English formerly known as â€Å"Lolita† is adapted from the famous Russian-born American writer Vladimir Nabokov's novel Lolita. Lolita is the name of heroine, the novel name is translated as â€Å"Lolita†. About a middle-aged man by the love and possession of the only 12-year-old following the woman story, is a May-September marriages, the translator will take Su poem of a movie name. â€Å"A pear tree pressure Begonia† in allusion to the Song Dynasty Su ridicule friend poet Zhang Xian ridicule. Zhang is said that in the age of 80 married a 18-year-old concubine, Su then quipped: â€Å"Lang, 18 bride eighty. Gray white hair red makeup. Yuanyang where dual night. Pressure Begonia a Pear Tree. † â€Å"Pear â€Å"means the white hair of the old lady,† Begonia â€Å"is as bright dripping Shaoqi.After â€Å"pressure Begonia a Pear Tree† has become a May-September marriages, that is â€Å"old robber euphemism. Although this translation inevitably brings to mind the ridicule of thousands of years ago who gifted poet, a little bad heart and come up with the Chinese translation of the sort of genius in poor taste, but we have to admire the talent of the translator. The same time, the number of Chinese translation so with Chinese characteristics and story apt. â€Å"Honey trap† is another full Chinese translation of the Chinese culture. â€Å"Honey trap† is well known as one of the â⠂¬Å"Thirty-Six. The film â€Å"Notorious,† translated from the movie â€Å"Notorious†. Notorious is a very common English word, meaning â€Å"the infamous, notorious†.The film is about the daughter of the former German spy John, warm, charming Leah father's relationship into the Nazi internal use of the marital relationship successfully steal the enemy intelligence to the story of the effectiveness of the motherland. This is a suspense, there is beauty, spy love, love film, translated as â€Å"honey trap†, and its cultural connotations self-evident. â€Å"My Fair Lady† story based on the works of the famous British playwright George Bernard Shaw's â€Å"Pygmalion†, a transliteration of â€Å"Pygmalion. † Pygmalion Code since ancient times, Cyprus. Prince Pygmalion very fond of the sculpture, the day he succeeded in shaping the image of a beauty. Put it down, soulful eyes every day to watch more than. As I watched, the beauty competiti on live. George Bernard Shaw in the play in shaping another â€Å"Pygmalion† – Higgins, a professor of linguistics.Higgins will be a full country accent flower girl Yi Lisha in the short term training to become a speaking aristocratic accent come and go in the high society of the rich princess, and then fell in love with her unable to extricate themselves. The movie translated as â€Å"My Fair Lady† positive and â€Å"My Fair Lady, Marty† This is eternal good training. However, because the English movie name names or place names, and like the exhaustion of few words, in the process of translation is often a literal translation or transliteration of a simple literal translation or transliteration. Sometimes the lack of beauty. Some even lied. There may even be some joke. Such as movies Lawrence, of Aribia. Chinese translated as â€Å"Lawrence of Arabia† unsatisfactory translated as â€Å"Lawrence of Arabia†. Because for the Chinese audience.T hey think may be more British novelist Lawrence and Lawrence's erotic novel, coupled with the Arab country's unique religious beliefs, the Chinese audience may think of other content deviates from the movie intended. Who would have thought the Lawrence ofAribia is during World War II. Time fighting in the African desert, a German air raid team in hot water, led by General, in the face of the enemy besieged by the enemy in fierce fighting and escape in a hail of bullets, expand the scenes of thrilling war stories ? so â€Å"Lawrence of Arabia† is a very exact description of the audience will soon associate the film's war theme. In another example, the Waterloo Bridge mentioned earlier, such as a simple literal translation processing, it becomes a â€Å"Waterloo Bridge†, the audience will soon think of Napoleon. How will not and love together.Previous years, large tracts of Titanic tone into the â€Å"Titanic†, the Hong Kong into the â€Å"Titanic†. Young p eople, nothing. Can two elderly people wonder how so strange: the movie name, called â€Å"Madam you these days? Another corrected him and said:† kick him you jump â€Å". This joke first, and regardless of the true and false. Take the first translated version of â€Å"Ice Wreck† will not appear so misunderstood. There is an English name The ShawshankRedemption. This is an all fans are blown away by the absolute masterpiece, but unfortunately the translation confusion. Mainland genuine call it â€Å"on the black fly, Hong Kong translation is† to stimulate 1995. â€Å"Moon black fly† while listening to like martial arts films.But the meaning can also be understood: can stimulate the 1995 because it was staged in Hong Kong in 1995, and no reason to become such a translation, simply make people feel uncomfortable from the heart. If you watched the movie, you will think this is blasphemy of the great works. Prefer the translation is â€Å"The Shawshank Rede mption†. First, it take into account the shark Fort English pronunciation and meaning, seem cold and mysterious, followed faithfully repaid to save this layer of meaning are, we can say quite a place. Chinese story â€Å"The Butterfly Lovers† translated into English Romeo and Juliet of China, the Westerners'll be able to understand its content is profound and enormous influence. Translated into The utterfly Lovers, or the pinyin transliteration, but make them puzzled. Full of Chinese cultural meaning of â€Å"Farewell My Concubine† translated Farewell My Concubine ridiculous. â€Å"Flirting Scholar† that translated into of The Flirting Scholar, but even the most nonsensical of Stephen Chow would think ridiculous. No wonder people translation compared to marriage, the natural letters, up to a pair of elegant, there are strong twisted sweet, stumbling through life. With the social and technological developments. Good movie more and more, and here to cite onl y a few examples to illustrate the problems related to cultural factors in the translation.Interdependence between the translator and film each other constraints, the name and content of each film is certain, regardless of the method of literal translation. Or paraphrase of the method taking into account the differences between Chinese and British culture, can make the translation of both faithful to the original film but also pleasant to the eyes and ears, it would be a successful translation. The successful translation can play a role in promoting the popularity of the film. Inappropriate translation in a loss to some extent a good movie. So we are looking forward to the translators can focus more on the translation of film titles from the cultural and aesthetic point of view, rather than the pursuit of economic efficiency or for pursuit of strange maverick. ?. ConclusionLanguage is the carrier of thinking, the movie name is a reflection of the linguistic form, and thinking in the name of the English film translation of differences in the impact, so closely related to the three. In this paper, the translation of the name of the Sino-British film, by comparing the differences of both English and Chinese translation of the film name of the forms of expression and word selection, trying to integrated thinking and decentralized thinking, the dominant thinking and recessive thinking, abstract thinking and thinking in images of the three angles a reasonable explanation of the differences in national mode of thinking in English.

Main Death Camp in 1942 Essay

Firstly, until mid-1943, the main death camps were camps similar to Sobibor, Belzec, and Treblinka. However, when all of the ‘non desirables’ had been liquidated, these camps shut down. Death camps were only meant to be a temporary place, and once their job was completed, they would quickly be dismantled. Auschwitz was different. It incorporated a Labour camp – so was designed for a much longer use than its’ contenders. The fact that it was one of the few camps that wasn’t temporary, meant that Jews from other areas of Europe – not just from nearby districts – were sent to Auschwitz to be dealt with accordingly. This made Auschwitz’s population grow to way beyond the amount it was originally designed to hold around 11,000. However, in August 1944, the population was a massive 105,168. Secondly, the camp also had other uses, apart from a death camp. Auschwitz I was the base camp, in which the whole of Auschwitz-Birkenau was operated from, which also incorporated a few gas chambers, and prison cells. Auschwitz II-Birkenau was the main death camp, where the majority of the 1.5-2 million Jews were killed. Auschwitz II also incorporated a separate camp for Roma and Ukrainian Gypsies, where Gypsies were sent from Ghettos such as Lodz, and from countries in the Nazi Empire. Auschwitz III was the main Labour camp, where Jews and other ‘less desirables’ were held and worked for the Reich. Auschwitz also had 45 sub-camps, in the surrounding areas. These sub-camps were concentration camps, where ‘non desirables’ were held until they were moved to Auschwitz itself. The vast array of camps in Auschwitz made it the main extermination camp, as it was a lot easier sending the ‘non desirables’ to Auschwitz via train, that to build several hundred temporary Extermination camps. Lastly, Himmler ordered for the camp to increase in size, saying ‘the existing extermination centres in the east are not sufficient to cope with an operation on such a scale’. The war emphasised the quickly progressed the killings in the Death camps, and Himmler knew that there were no camps big enough to ‘deal’ with the ‘undesirables’ on an industrial level. Auschwitz by this time was quite a small camp, with good railway links to Germany and  the rest of Poland. During this time, Himmler also, said that Auschwitz should be the main camp for the proposed â€Å"Final Solutions†. In conclusion, the main reason why Auschwitz was the main Death Camp was due to the fact that Auschwitz was one of the few permanent ‘killing stations’. This meant that ‘undesirables’ were sent there from all over Europe, and overpopulated the camp. This resulted in the camp increasing in size, and overall, having over seven gas chambers and crematoriums.

Police Functions Essay

Over the years, police have been portrayed in the media, television shows, and the local newspaper as crime fighting heroes. This portrayal would make one think a police officer is always out doing a dangerous job, which may require shooting, beating up, or arrested the bad guy. The truth is, most officers will not make a felony arrest in a given year, and there are also many officers who have never fired their weapon. There are various perspectives of the policing functions. I will examine these perspectives from the local, state, and federal organizational levels. I will identify and address possible future changes in laws and the overall impact these changes will have on the field of policing. Local Police Police, usually called law enforcement officers, apprehend criminals and investigate crimes. There are several other functions that the police perform. Local police have three main functions: maintaining order, controlling crime, and providing basic social services. Local police maintain order in different activities, such as traffic control in power outages, crowd control outside of a local football game, resolving domestic disputes, and removing drunken patrons from the streets. Police officers serve and protect. The main focus of maintaining order is keeping the peace rather than enforcing the law, so to speak. In different situations, officers may have to make an arrest to ensure the peace, but the appropriate order-maintenance solution often consists of less formal actions, like clearing crowds after a big game. Controlling crime is basically patrol and criminal investigation. Basic social service is calling police in an emergency situation. The majority of phone calls to the police are in need of social service as opposed to those relating to crimes. There are several factors that shape what police do. Police officers are available 24 hours a day seven days a week. People call on the police when they find themselves in an emergency situation and there is not another agency available. Because of this availability, it sometimes gives officers a heavy workload. Police work is different and unique from other jobs because these men and women are permitted to use force. Force in this case is deadly or physical force as well as arresting someone. Police officers have to be ready to shoot in a split second, if need be. Discretion is used in all areas of policing. Officers rely on their training as well as experiences to decide what to do when dealing with citizens. A wonderful example of discretion is an officer giving you a warning for speeding as oppose to upholding the law and issuing you a citation. State Police State police are a part of The Department of Public Safety. Every state with the exception of Hawaii has its own police force possessing statewide jurisdiction. The nation’s largest state police force is California Highway Patrol. The directors of highway patrols or state police are appointed by the Governors. Tasks done by state police agencies include assisting the local police departments in criminal investigations, patrolling the state’s highways, training municipal and country police, maintaining centralized crime records for the state, and operate a crime lab. Federal Police Within the executive branch of the national government lies the federal law enforcement. The FBI, or Federal Bureau of Investigation, is a part of this federal organization. The FBI investigates several categories of federal crimes. Their focus is on protecting the nation from threats, such as terrorism, organized crime, drug trafficking, white collar crimes, and violent crimes, such as kidnappings and bank robberies as well as civil-rights crimes. The FBI is equipped with crime labs, fingerprint files, crime statistics, and a training academy, which enables them to assist state, local, and other federal agencies. Due to the increases in organized crimes, the FBI also has wiretapping authority. Federal officers have jurisdiction nationwide. The Department of Homeland Security is another branch containing federal law enforcement agencies. Some of DHS agencies are: United States Secret Service- which is responsible for apprehending anyone caught counterfeiting U. S. money. They are also responsible for the protection of other officials of the federal government and for protecting the president. Immigration and Customs Enforcement- enforces the flow of immigrants into the United States. INS agents deport aliens who break the United States naturalization laws. They are also responsible for the patrol of the United States border to stop illegal immigrants from entering the country. In the 1990s, INS agents focused on the Mexican-U. S. border, where large numbers of illegal immigrants and huge amounts of illicit drugs entered the United States. INS agents arrest hundreds of thousands of illegal immigrants each year, but the number making it safely into the United States still exceeded the number arrested. † (The Nature of Police Work) Customs and Border Protection and Transportation Security Administration also fall under this agency. Conclusion Patrol and criminal investigation used to dominate policing. Uniformed officers would roam the streets interrupting crime and trying to prevent them from happening. There are different strategies to policing. These strategies include patrol, special operations, and investigations. There are changes that can be made in laws to impact the field of policing. Local police departments can reduce corruption by keeping a closer eye on the department and listening to the community. Bad seeds would have to be removed from all areas of policing. These departments can also form a positive relationship with the public by showing they are doing more than making arrests. Federal agencies are sometimes limited in the information they can share with other departments, but if there is something useful, they can pass the information along to help all agencies out. There are many functions to policing. While police are heroes to a lot of people, they are not just out fighting crime and locking up the bad guys. They are there for us when we need them, regardless if our cat is stuck in a tree or we have a runaway teenager. Different agencies perform at different levels each having different duties. Once we understand what different agencies are able to do, we understand policing better.

Practice IA IB History

This investigation evaluates whether or not the dropping of the two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was necessary to make Japan surrender unconditionally. To assess the extent to which the deployment of nuclear weapons affected the Japanese decision to surrender unconditionally and if Japan was already prepared to do this prior to the use of the atomic bombs. The details and motivations of the United States to drop the bombs are explored as well as Japan’s peace negotiations with the United States and their progress prior to the U. S. choosing to use the bombs. Actions of the United States and Japan not related to the end of World War 2 are not assessed in this investigation. The two sources selected for evaluation, Code-Name Downfall: The Secret Plan to Invade Japan-And Why Truman Dropped the Bomb by Thomas B. Allen and Norman Polmar and Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire by Richard B. Frank are evaluated for their origins, purposes, limitations, and values. B. Summary of Evidence On the 15th of June 1944 535 ships landed 128,000 U. S. Army personal on the island of Saipan. From Saipan B-29 bombers were in range of Tokyo. Imperative that they not allow this to happen the Japanese Vice Admiral attacked the U. S. Navy with about nine-tenths of Japan’s fighting fleet in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Once the battle concluded the U. S. had lost 130 planes and 76 aircrew. Japan lost 450 planes, three carriers’, and 445 aircrew. The Japanese Navy’s carrier force was effectively destroyed. The U. S. took control of the island a short time later. More than 29,000 Japanese soldiers died defending the island. (Hoyt 297-312) On the 23rd of October 1944 the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the largest naval battle in world history began. With the goal of cutting Japan off from South East Asia and its oil supplies the U. S. Navy fought against the last remains of the Imperial Navy. By the battle’s end on October 26th Japan had lost 10,500 seamen, a fleet carrier, 3 light carriers, 3 battleships, 10 cruisers, 11 destroyers, and 500 planes. Japan’s once mighty Navy was no more. After this the Japanese were not able to carry out another significant Naval action for the remainder of the war. (Pape 123-168) Shortly afterwards the allies launched their invasion of the Philippines. On the 17th of April 1945 Mindanao, the last major island of the Philippines, was taken by the allies. In total 336,000 Japanese soldiers died defending The Philippines. (Hoyt 421-427) Within a few months of the fall of The Philippines Japan lost control of Burma and Borneo to the Allies. In total the Japanese military lost more than 41,000 soldiers defending the islands. After this the Japanese were effectively cut off from all of their major oil supplies. (Hoyt 437-449) With Japan’s foreign empire nearly decimated by the U. S. and its allies the U. S. turned to the Japanese Home Islands themselves. The Battle for the island of Iwo Jima ended on March 26th with total Japanese defeat. Of the approximately 21,000 Japanese defenders only 216 survived. On June 21st the Allies defeated Japan in the Battle of Okinawa (Feifer 145-163). 75,545 Japanese people lost their lives defending the island. This was to be the last major battle of World War Two. (Hoyt 478-487) While in Europe the USAAF had only used precision bombing to limit civilian casualties the Air Force abandoned this policy while bombing Japan. The first raid using low-flying B-29 bombers carrying incendiary bombs to drop on Tokyo was on the night of February 24-25 1945 when 174 B-29s destroyed around 1 square mile of the city. Changing their tactics, on the night of March 9-10, 1945, a wave of 300 American bombers struck Tokyo. In the ensuing firestorm more than 100,000 Japanese civilians were killed and roughly a million were injured. Dropping nearly 1,700 tons of bombs more than 16 square miles were completely burned and more than a quarter of million structures were destroyed. Before the dropping of the Atomic bombs more than 50% of Tokyo was completely destroyed. (Hoyt, 560-598) Nihei, a young Japanese school girl at the time, recalled that, â€Å"†Those images in my mind†¦ an never be erased†¦ I can see myself there, the flames all around me. And I'm running for my life. Hell could be no hotter. † By July about a quarter of all the houses in Japan had been destroyed, leaving more than 15 million Japanese civilians homeless. Its transportation system was near collapse with almost all the strategic railways destroyed. American forces had sowed aquatic mines in the shipping lanes f rom the air effectively stopping all Japanese naval movement. Food had become so scarce that most Japanese were subsisting on a sub-starvation diet. On Monday, August 6th, 1945 by executive order of President Harry S. Truman the U. S. dropped the nuclear weapon â€Å"Little Boy† on the city of Hiroshima. Truman said that, â€Å"The world will note that the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, a military base. That was because we wished in this first attack to avoid, insofar as possible, the killing of civilians. † 90,000 to 166,000 civilians were killed by the blast. Only 3 days later on August 9th the â€Å"Fat Man† nuclear weapon was detonated over Nagasaki. 60,000 to 80,000 civilians were killed. Gosling, Fehner 28) Yoshitaka Kawamoto, just thirteen years old at the time, was in a classroom less than a kilometer away from the hypocenter, â€Å"One of my classmates, I think his name is Fujimoto, he muttered something and pointed outside the window, saying, â€Å"A B-29 is coming. † He pointed outside with his finger. So I began to get up from my chair and asked him, â€Å"Where is it? † Looking in the direction that he was pointing towards, I got up on my feet, but I was not yet in an upright position when it happened. All I can remember was a pale lightening flash for two or three seconds. Then, I collapsed. I don’t know much time passed before I came to. It was awful, awful. The smoke was coming in from somewhere above the debris. Sandy dust was flying around. I was trapped under the debris and I was in terrible pain and that’s probably why I came to. I couldn’t move, not even an inch. Then, I heard about ten of my surviving classmates singing our school song. I remember that. I could hear sobs. Someone was calling his mother. But those who were still alive were singing the school song for as long as they could. I think I joined the chorus. We thought that someone would come and help us out. That’s why we were singing a school song so loud. But nobody came to help, and we stopped singing one by one. In the end, I was singing alone. † On August 9th the USSR entered the war invading Manchuria. With a force of nearly 1,700,000 soldiers the Soviets quickly claimed total victory driving the Japanese out and killing 20,000 to 80,000 Japanese soldiers and capturing about 650,000. (Glantz 54-72) On August 15th in a radio address to the nation Emperor Hirohito announced the surrender of Japan. (Pape 87) The largest war in the history of mankind was over. C. Evaluation of Sources Code-Name Downfall: The Secret Plan to Invade Japan-And Why Truman Dropped the Bomb by Thomas B. Allen and Norman Polmar was published by Simon & Schuster in 1995. Allen is an American writer who went to college in Bridgeport, Conn. He worked for The New York Daily and then became part of the National Geographic Book Division. Most of his work deals with military history. His book is an excellent source of information because it is based upon hundr eds of sources, was written well after the events described so that more evidence is available, and is written by a fairly objective military historian who has less bias because he was not attached to the war. Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire by Richard B. Frank was published by Penguin in 2001. Frank is an expert on World War 2 history. He specializes on the Pacific part of WWII. He fought in the 101st Airborne Division during the Vietnam. This could possibly make him more bias towards U. S. military actions but his book uses hundreds of reputable sources so that his opinion is less biased. His book is a very definitive and exhaustive account of Japanese defeat. It’s an excellent and useful source. D. Analysis â€Å"The fact is that as far as the Japanese militarists were concerned, the atomic bomb was just another weapon. The two atomic bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki were icing on the cake, and did not do as much damage as the fire bombings of Japanese cities. The B-29 firebombing campaign had brought the destruction of 3,100,000 homes, leaving 15 million people homeless, and killing about a million of them. It was the ruthless firebombing, and Hirohito's realiz ation that if necessary the Allies would completely destroy Japan and kill every Japanese to achieve â€Å"unconditional surrender† that persuaded him to the decision to end the war. The atomic bomb is indeed a fearsome weapon, but it was not the cause of Japan's surrender, even though the myth persists even to this day. † Said by Edwin P. Hoyt in 1986. According to the UK embassy in Washington the Americans regarded the Japanese as â€Å"a nameless mass of vermin†. A 1944 opinion poll that asked what should be done with Japan found that 13% of the U. S. public was in favor of the extermination of all Japanese people: men, women, and children. Hixson 239) The dropping of the two bombs had little to do with defeating the defeated Japan. Even before World War 2 had ended the cold war began. Stalin and the Soviets had taken control of nearly all of Eastern Europe and made it clear that they weren’t going to leave. (Glantz 152-167) The Soviet Union had emerged World War 2 as a superpower and as the only legitimate challenger to American hegemony. Militaristic and organized with massive amounts of natural resources the Soviets under Stalin had proven that they were willing to expend unimaginable amounts of human life to win. Glantz 172-184) With this massive looming on the horizon the terrified United States had to demonstrate its military supremacy. Japan presented a unique opportunity for the U. S. to demonstrate its new destructive power to the Soviets and the Japanese people paid the price. The Japanese were already defeated and seeking peace. (Butow 111-121) â€Å"It is my opinion that the use of the barbarous weapon at Hiroshima and Nagasaki was of no material assistance in our war against Japan. The Japanese were already defeated and ready to surrender†¦. My own feeling is that in being the first to use it, we had adopted an ethical standard common to barbarians of the Dark Ages. I was not taught to make war in that fashion, and wars cannot be won by destroying women and children. † Chairman of the wartime Joint Chiefs of Staff, Admiral William D. Leahy. Shortly after the conclusion of the war General Douglas MacArthur confirmed what many Military analysts and historians theorized by saying, â€Å"My staff was unanimous in believing that Japan was on the point of collapse and surrender. In 1963 President Eisenhower said, â€Å"The Japanese were ready to surrender and it wasn't necessary to hit them with that awful thing †¦ I hated to see our country be the first to use such a weapon. † E. Conclusion While the dropping of the two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki certainly contributed to the Japanese becoming even more desperately willing to unconditionally surrender the atomic bombs, despite their unimaginable destructive power, were just another weapon the Japanese had to endure. More than a million Japanese people had been killed by bombing raids. In reality the entrance of the Soviet Union into the war and their invasion of Japanese controlled Manchuria more likely contributed to Japan being more willing to unconditionally surrender. Japan had controlled Manchuria far longer than any pacific island the U. S. fought on and had more than 1,200,000 men there. Their total defeat in a very short amount of time made Japan realize that they no longer were able to defend themselves. In conclusion to use the words of General Curtis LeMay, â€Å"The atomic bomb had nothing to do with the end of the war. † â€Å"We are the inheritors to the mantle of Genghis Khan,† wrote New York Times editorial writer Hanson Baldwin, â€Å"and of all those in history who have justified the use of utter ruthlessness in war. † The dropping of the two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was in no way militarily justified. The use of the atomic bombs was an act of brutality the likes of which this world has never seen and for the continued survival of the human race I hope never has to see again.

Models of Decision Making

One poor decision that I made more than a year ago happened when I was a member of the committee of a small, preliminary business company somewhere in Texas, which was only starting to burst in less than ten years of operation.   Having read from articles that IT had become such an integral part of the business strategies of most companies nowadays because it made lots of money, assisted in terms of management and information, and that it kept records safer and faster, the thought made me think that IT was really what we needed.   We were on the brink of entering the next higher stage of business. We did brainstorming about the next strategy to implement by the following year, so that the business would be more successful and prominent for the next stage of business.   I suggested about investing with IT equipments, as this would have extended our markets and services to be able to reach out to more customers in further states.   The decision turned out to be a poor one because of misapprehension and negligence, as well as the wrong choice of strategy and application. Major Analysis Using the ‘rational model’ in making individual decisions, the decision that I used in performing an IT investment to the business can be outlined as follows: I. Forming the decision A.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Identifying the problem 1. There was a problem in terms of functional and systems approach, as the manufacturing was not smooth and orderly, and the tasks were not done efficiently. 2.There was a problem when it came to supply chain management, especially that the ingredients should have already been ready by the time the orders were sent. 3.There was a problem when it came to efficient floor management, so that the preparation did not flow smoothly and quickly. B. Generating alternative solutions 1. Improve functional system by improving strategies, tasks, and goals. 2.Improve supply chain system by exchanging tighter coordination with the supplier companies. 3. Improve IT system by using the investment finance. C. Selecting a solution 1.The chosen alternative should solve or alleviate as much problems as it can handle. 2. The chosen alternative should be strategically and financially acceptable. 3.The chosen alternative should present values, information, and skills that could be availed from the existing environment. II.Negative consequences of the decision A.Negative financial consequences 1. About 68% of the total available fund did not bring about the expected results. 2.Overall profit landed at merely $97,000, with a loan amounting to $200,000 plus company expenses. B.Negative motivational consequences 1.The staffs and the committee lost motivation after being announced that the company had lost more than half of the expected returns. 2.The staffs and the committee lost motivation because the company almost fell to bankruptcy. C.Negative personal feedback 1. I lost my position as the second adviser of the finance administration. 2.I was almost fired from the company. III.Importance of the decision A.Importance to the company 1. The decision would have solved problems in functional, supply chain, and efficient floor management. 2.The decision would have created a link and opportunity with strong IT companies in the environment. B.Importance to the higher staffs 1.Improvement in the functional and efficient floor management would have led to higher profits and bigger returns. 2. Improvement in profits and returns would have led to bigger opportunities and investments. C.Importance to me 1.The decision, if it were successful, would have promoted me as the first adviser of the finance administration. 2. The decision, if it were successful, would have motivated me to do bigger projects amid the risks. Three decision theories, which were exercised in the planning and implementation of the decision were the following: First and foremost is the ‘rational model’, which centers on comprehensive rationality and the sense of the alternatives.   The rational model arrives at a decision by going over the four distinct steps: first is identifying the problem; second is generating alternative solutions; third is selecting the solution; fourth and final is implementing and evaluating the solution (Baker III, 2001, p.1).   It presents the decision-making process by helping me, first, in pointing out what exactly is the problem in the company; then by thinking of the alternatives that can be used, which would solve the issues that were at hand. Second decision theory that was used in the planning and implementation of the decision is the ‘political model’, which uses the organization as a coalition, with procedural rationality having to control the decision making process.   In this model, what controls are the following aspects: first is environmental uncertainty; second is resource dependence; third is task interdependence; fourth and final is goal conflict (Rotman School of Management, 2001, p.4).   The rationality of the procedure appears to be most important. Third theory that was used in the decision making process is the ‘instance-based model’, wherein decisions are based on instances and the chosen alternative sprouts through ‘accumulated experience’ (Gonzalez&Lebiere, 2004, p.8).   Because we have known other companies that became successful after investing in the IT, such as Vanguard Group, then it became reasonable for us that our company will also succeed in terms of IT investment.   We failed to conclude that the internal and external environments are two very important factors. Conclusion Based on my analysis in the recent pages, it appears that making judgments and decisions for a company should not rely solely on one person or group of persons.   There should be brainstorming from different groups that believe on different ways and strategies.   People make judgments almost too hastily.   Each factor should be analyzed slowly and efficiently, especially when it comes to the finances and the returns of the finances. As for me, I have learned the lesson that it takes two to tango†¦ not just two, in fact; the more there is then the better.   It is good to make decisions in pairs†¦ but a great deal better if we do them in numerous pairs. References Baker III, E.   (2001).   Decision making.   Retrieved November 23, 2007, from Dr. H. Eugene Baker’s Homepage: http://www.unf.edu/~gbaker/Man6204/Decision.PDF. Rotman School of Management.   (2001).   Contingency framework: models of decision making.   Retrieved November 23, 2007   

(Name of film) is valuable (or not valuable) in the study of 20th Essay

(Name of film) is valuable (or not valuable) in the study of 20th century America because (fill in reason) - Essay Example ils the only criminal case in the country that charged anyone with conspiracy in the death of the president or called into question the results of the Warren Commission. At the same time, it takes a look into the personal life of Garrison as he dealt with both internal and external pressures in bringing this case to trial. With the depth of the movie’s explorations, it is possible to deduct some of the more important socio-political movements of the time period in which it is set. Because of the way in which he goes about detailing the development of various theories as to what happened that afternoon in Texas, Stone’s interpretation makes it clear in a very public way that at the least, the Warren Commission could not have been correct in its findings when it ruled a lone gunman achieved the death of a president. Up to the release of the movie, Americans were falling asleep regarding the details behind the assassination, but with its release, they once again asked the questions that had remained unanswered since the House Select Committee on Assassination Report was released in 1979 (Renner, n.d.). This public reaction eventually led to the release in 1994 of some documents associated with the Warren Commission’s report. Oliver Stone’s JFK is valuable in the study of 20th century America because it re-examines a nation-changing event, asking the questions that had been almost forgotten and never answered. Despite his insistence that he is not trying to portray a historically factual documentary regarding the assassination, Stone utilizes several real-life players in depicting his version of events. Key among these is President Kennedy himself. By refusing to recast the president, Stone not only proves his talent as a director working with limited available footage, he provides a sense of reality into the story. When he uses the Zapruder film, Stone is able to inject a somber mood of reflection as audiences realize this is the actual event and not