Parents May Not Be Licensed Essay - 1635 Words

In the essay Licensing Parents, LaFollette argues that the state should require all parents to be licensed (182). Though LaFollette considers some theoretical and practical objections to his claim, he gives no particular attention to how an activity could be precisely defined as potentially harmful to others, what specific competence would be required for an activity to be done safely, and how reliably such competence could be determined. In this paper, I will argue that the difficulty of clearly defining the three criteria for an activity to be licensed undermines LaFollette’s assertion that parenting ought to be licensed. After describing LaFollette’s basic rationale for licensing parents, I will indicate that parenting may not meet the†¦show more content†¦Consequently, because â€Å"parenting is an activity potentially very harmful to children† (184) and â€Å"a parent must be competent if he is to avoid harming his children† (185), LaFollette concludes that the general criteria for regulatory licensing can be applied to parents. However, there are several theoretical and practical objections to LaFollette’s proposal, but he argues that they all fail to undermine the proposal. In the beginning of his argument, LaFollette claims that parenting is an activity potentially very harmful to children (184). However, LaFollette does not explicitly justify how parenting could be precisely defined as potentially harmful to children. In other words, LaFollette does not explicitly establish what comprises exactly the minimum amount of harm that makes the activity potentially harmful or very harmful. Instead, LaFollette only offers two scenarios in which children are harmed—abused or neglected—by their parents (184). In this paragraph, I shall argue that, without a preciseShow MoreRelatedBecoming a Mandated Reporter1229 Words   |  5 PagesWhat are the different types of child abuse? B) Physical Abuse, Sexual Abuse Maltreatment and child neglect 3) What are the steps in reporting child abuse A) Keeping it confidential B) State regulation on how to report C) How to deal with parents on notification D) Who can help? 4) Personal dealings with child abuse A) Opinions on how to deal with children and discipline B) Conclusion There are many challenges that are faced daily when becoming or being a mandated reporterRead MoreThe Career Of Licensed Professional Counselor Essay958 Words   |  4 Pagesdecisions. This paper examines the career of a Licensed Professional Counselor, the education requirements, certification and licensure levels or requirements, salary, and the future of this profession. Many people in our world today struggle with mental health issues. Licensed Professional Counselors are there to help. â€Å"One of the largest categories of professional helpers is counselors† (Woodside and McClam, 2015. p.182). Let’s take a close look at what Licensed Professional Counselors do, their educationalRead MoreSupporting Arguments for Parent Licensing Essays772 Words   |  4 PagesSupporting Arguments for Parent Licensing In Hugh Lafollette’s paper â€Å"Licensing Parents† he talks about the need for government licensing of parents. His argument states that for any activity that is harmful to others, requires competence, and has a reliable procedure for determining competence, should require licensing by the government. This argument relates to parenting because it can be harmful to children, requires competence to raise children, and we can assume that a reliable procedure canRead MoreFoster Care Essay1706 Words   |  7 Pagesthe effectiveness of foster care often inhibited? One of the ways foster care is inhibited is that the separation of the child from their parents and placement in a foster home can be traumatic for the child. In some instances where the child is not safe in their home, the first choice may be to remove the child and place them in foster care. Both the parents and child have a hard time accepting the situation. This separation causes conflicts and resistance from the child (Crosson-Tower, 2014,Read MoreCalifornia s Early Care And Education System1342 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction This literature review describes California’s early care and education system, specifically program models and funding streams, then address the topic of how parents select child care. Through a neoliberal framework, particular attention will be paid to how early care and education programs compete to recruit prospective students and their families. Based on the literature, conclusions will be drawn about how the current competitive landscape between early care and education programsRead MoreAlcohol Is The Most Widely Used Social Drug Essay1281 Words   |  6 PagesAlcohol is the most widely used social drug in New Zealand. Heavy drinkers risk serious alcohol related harm. Alcohol is a social drug that affects people in different ways, while a small amount of alcohol may be beneficial to the heart for some older people, ‘risky’ drinking can cause serious health, personal and social problems. Heavy drinkers, binge drinkers and very young drinkers are at risk. Bi nge drinking is a particular problem among younger people, but anyone who drinks heavily or drinksRead MoreSample Resume : Good Morning 864 Words   |  4 Pagesplaced. As you may recall, mid-October there were concerns with the communications between all parties regarding Rylee requesting to record me and the conversations that took place afterwards. Once Angelheart reached out to Courtney for clarification on the matter, Courtney did not respond to clarify but rather put in her notice to transfer agencies. This transfer should take place on or about November 16th. Unfortunately, due to some concerns in the McIntosh home, Angelheart may have to close theRead MoreEffects Of Divorce On Children And Divorce1460 Words   |  6 PagesIn today’s world, most people accept divorce or separation as a way of life. Parents are unaware or do not understand the damage it can have on their children. However, in some instances, it is better to get out of an abusive relationship because that can be as toxic as divorce. On average, 50% of children who are born with married parents, will experience divorce before the age of 18 (Children and Divorce Baucom, 2010-2017). Along with divorce statistics, 40% of children in America are raisedRead MoreTheu.s. Government s Department Of Child Safety1672 Words   |  7 Pagesfoster care system in the U.S was created with the purpose of providing a safe temporary place for those children under the age of 18 who could not remain with their biological parents because the parents are unable, unwilling or unfit to care for the child and guarantee. Sometimes the child is able to return to their parents, however, many times the child is not and a new permanent home has to be found to guarantee the safety of the child. Many years ago this would have been done informally by a neighborRead MoreChildren Care Options For The Philippines872 Words   |  4 Pagesarrangements which is where children are provided care at home, outside the home by either of their parents, relatives, or nonrelatives. In Informal Arrangements, caregivers are usually not paid in cash. This option includes women in the workforce who can care for their own children while they work. In a Family Day Care, it involves paid child care by a nonrelative usually outside the child’s home, and may involve the care of several children. If a caregiver is looking after four or more children on a

The Illusion of Youth - 2846 Words

Katherine Mansfield’s Miss. Brill written in 1920 is a short story a part of Mansfield’s The Garden Party and Other Stories. It is a short story about a middle-aged teacher, who finds joy in spending her Sunday afternoons, sitting in the park. At the park, she finds joy in observing others around her and pretending, they are all actors and actresses on a stage. Miss. Brill finds joy in the illusion that she creates at the park. She is a woman, who lives a very humdrum life and finds joy creating an unrealistic world, where she envisions herself as an actress. She uses illusion as not only an escape from her reality but also from herself. Miss. Brill creates an illusion in order to escape the reality that she is losing her youth.†¦show more content†¦Brill out of the illusion, she has created. She is awakening to the reality that she is not a young fashionable woman but a middle-aged woman, holding onto an item from the days of her youth. After overhearing the girl’s comment, she returns home where she returns the fur to its box. She hears a cry after returning the item but she doesn’t acknowledge the cry comes from her. The acceptance that she has gotten older just like the fur is an inedibility that she denies because she doesn’t want to acknowledge that she is the one that made the cry. She tries to preserve the fur by keeping it in a like-new condition but she admits that the life has dim in â€Å"the little eyes† of the fur because she has to polish them in order to restore the life back. By keeping the fur in like-new condition, she also is keeping the vitality of life. Just like the fur, Miss Brill life lacks vitality but she receives it each time she takes the garment out and wears it on her Sunday afternoons to the park. She is a woman who lives an unfulfilled life, she finds that she receives fulfillment each time she chooses to dress-up in her fur and spend her afternoon at the park. It is there that her life is not only vital but becomes a play, inside her head. Mansfield described her as having â€Å". . . felt a tingling in her hands and arms . . .† (Mansfield 1). She not only feels that her life is vital by her afternoons in the park but also she finds excitement. If she has to lookShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of A Streetcar Named Desire 1372 Words   |  6 Pages12 November, 2016 In Tennessee Williams’ play A Streetcar Named Desire, Williams explores the internal conflict of illusion versus reality through the characters. Humans often use illusion to save us pain and it allows us to enjoy pleasure instead. However, as illusion clashes with reality, one can forget the difference between the two. When people are caught up in their illusions, eventually they must face reality even if it is harsh. In the play, Blanche suffers from the struggle of what is realRead MoreEssay on Guyana and Family Values1036 Words   |  5 Pagesbuilt upon mutual respect for each other and strong bond between family and friends. The government has created the necessary policies to sustain this culture. On the other hand, American youths in today’s information age are suffering from continued mortification of family values, artificial happiness and youths losing their voice. I will support my main contentions by entering a conversation with two authors. Sherry Turkle, a professor of Social Studies of Science and Technology at MIT, usingRead MoreSonnet 65 Essay examples1051 Words   |  5 PagesSonnet 65 Sonnet 65 by Shakespeare argues that beauty and youth are illusions as they inevitably fade with the effects of time. The reader is pulled into the age old battle between humanitys desire for immortality and inevitable physical decay. Shakespeare suggests that it is only ideas captured by `black ink (verses) that have any hope of transcending the test of time. The metaphoric loss of a legal battle by `beauty against the `rage of time in the first quatrain is intertwined with imagesRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie: Illusions over Reality837 Words   |  4 Pagesand Laura, which was far cry from Amanda’s youth during the Victorian era at Blue Mountain to her present situation of poverty and uncertainty. As a single mother, Amanda was worried about her family’s financial security along with concerns about her daughter’s lack of marital prospects; for that reason, her need to enrich her life by molding the lives of her children resulted in illusions overpowering realit y that also brought out destructive illusions within herself, her son Tom, and her daughterRead MoreEssay about Dr. Heideggers Experiment: Reality Or Illusion812 Words   |  4 Pages Dr. Heideggers Experiment: Reality or Illusion nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In Nathaniel Hawthornes short story Dr. Heideggers Experiment, one of the central ideas of the story revolves around the idea of reality versus illusion. Of course the overriding theme of the story dealt with the ethical dilemma of changing old age into youth, still a major part of how the story was interpreted involved a personal decision on how you took the story; as literal or figurative. The perception that appealedRead MoreEssay about Analysis of The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams605 Words   |  3 PagesWilliams’s life before stardom. The play occurs during the 1930’s before world war two, in an apartment in St. Louis. Where the three main characters reside and confront on a quotidian basis. Moreover, as well in which they live in their world of illusion. Illusion and reality is practically what the play revolves around. The characters Tom, his sister Laura and mother Amanda are attached to an imaginary world in one way or another. Tom has become the head of the household ever since their father abandonedRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire By Tennessee Williams902 Words   |  4 Pages Tennessee Williams, playwright of â€Å"A Streetcar Named Desire†, uses symbolism and other elements to establish the overall theme of illusion vs. reality. He uses these elements to show how the character Blanche can t distinguish the difference between the two, ultimately leading her to a lonely life full of lies. And unlike Blanche, Stanley knows this from the very beginning and thus, their differences turn into a play full of mind games. The differences between Stanley and Blanche are vastRead MoreThe Problem Of Teen Violence995 Words   |  4 PagesTeen violence has become a longstanding agent in the culture of the nation’s youth. Every year, approximately one-million twelve to nineteen year olds are murdered or assaulted, many by their peers, and teenagers are more than twice as likely as adults to become the victims of violence. From schools (grammar and high school) being subdued by a fellow student on an angry rampage to figures of the law flipping and dragging students in class. Something has to be done. Although the issue is far tooRead MoreMental Illiness in Tennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire642 Words   |  3 Pagesinformation about her past. Blanche’s illusions have become the struggle with her imagination and realism. Even an optimist thinker like herself would have to face an obstacle. The only time she had a positive life and everything was moving the way she liked was in Blanches past with her past young husband Allen. Everything that Blanche does and everything that comes out of her mouth is to have that life back, that youth life. That happiness was also an illusion, her husband’s homosexuality had onlyRead MoreThe Time Of Cholera, By Florentino Ariza1324 Words   |  6 Pagesattempts to win the love of Fermina Daza solely on the strength of the brief relationship they shared during their youth. The two people who find each other in the fading twilight of their lives, however, are completely different individuals from the young lovers seeking ideal ized constructs. Mà ¡rquez depicts the power nostalgia has to alter his characters’ reflections on their own youth, their relationships with one another, and on a society, and way of life, that lives on only in their memories. The

Product Quality On Customer Satisfaction †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Product Quality On Customer Satisfaction? Answer: Introducation Help desk is a particular point which provides technical support for users in case of requirements. The main aim of help desk is to provide the satisfactory response to the client in the context of resolving the questions. Help desk has various names such as hotline, user support, client services, and information centre and support consultant. The structure of help desk is designed with multilevel support model which aims to support staff and services into various levels. There are so many features of help desk (Izogo Ogba, 2015). Two main features are described below: Handle problems incidents Handle problems incident is the feature of incident management process which is followed by help des to resolve the issues of clients. In the context of handling, incident process follows some steps such as receive the incident, prescreen the incident, authenticate the user, log the incident, prioritize and assign the incident, escalate the incident, resolve the incident and after that in last close the incident. It is the feature which facilitates help desk to move ahead step by step (Arokiasamy Abdullah, 2013). There can be so many problems which have categorization such as urgent high priority, medium priority and low priority; it is the feature which allows supporter to distinguish incidents as per priority. Queue management is also a part of this management because it is the waiting line which distinguishes the customers as per their query such as types of products, levels of support and different products (Goetsch Davis, 2014). Help desk with the help of incident management c an resolve the queries of clients as per priority and in case of urgency or escalations, the agent of help desk can leave the e-mail to the client about the status of the query. Maintain the records about the incident Incident can be categorized as per priority basis. Maintain the records about the incident are a feature which is very useful of the company to identify the resolution or pending report of the query of the clients. It is also the feature of incident process management. It involves the tracking updates about the information. The main aim behind keeping records is to provide a report when important events occur (Hussain, Nasser Hussain, 2015). Along with that it can become the example of history that previously in which manner records were kept and can be the reason of innovation as well. For resolving the query in an appropriate manner, the requirements of records are necessary. It would be useful features to categorized the customers and know the status of query of the clients. With the help of perfect maintained record, agent of help desk would be able to provide the correct information regarding solutions (Wirtz, Ambtman, Bloemer, Horvth, Ramaseshan, Van Kandampully, 2013). Along with that this feature reduces the size of the database by eradicating the less relevant information. Incident achieves can be found in case of emergency in the future problem solving situations. It can serve as a resource for data which will be helpful for analyzing statistics data of help desk performance (Thaichon, Lobo Mitsis, 2014). References Arokiasamy, A. R. A., Abdullah, A. G. (2013). Service quality and customer satisfaction in the cellular telecommunication service provider in Malaysia.Researchers World,4(2), 1. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Accounting. Hussain, R., Al Nasser, A., Hussain, Y. K. (2015). Service quality and customer satisfaction of a UAE-based airline: An empirical investigation.Journal of Air Transport Management,42, 167-175. Izogo, E. E., Ogba, I. E. (2015). Service quality, customer satisfaction and loyalty in automobile repair services sector.International Journal of Quality Reliability Management,32(3), 250-269. Jahanshani, A. A., Hajizadeh, G. M. A., Mirdhamadi, S. A., Nawaser, K., Khaksar, S. M. S. (2014). Study the effects of customer service and product quality on customer satisfaction and loyalty. Saleem, H., Raja, N. S. (2014). The impact of service quality on customer satisfaction, customer loyalty and brand image: Evidence from hotel industry of Pakistan.Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research,19(5), 706-711. Thaichon, P., Lobo, A., Mitsis, A. (2014). An empirical model of home internet services quality in Thailand.Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics,26(2), 190-210. Wirtz, J., Den Ambtman, A., Bloemer, J., Horvth, C., Ramaseshan, B., Van De Klundert, J., ... Kandampully, J. (2013). Managing brands and customer engagement in online brand economics.Journal of Service Management,24(3), 223-244.

True Region Jeans Financial Ratio Analysis and SWOT

True Region’s financial analysis and swot analysis is presented in this case study as a way to identify how the company can strengthen its position in the industry and to continue enjoying the largest share in the market. This paper starts with the financial ratio analysis followed by the SWOT analysis.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on True Region Jeans: Financial Ratio Analysis and SWOT specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Financial ratios The financial ratios of True Region compared to other premium jeans companies in 2009 are presented in exhibit 1. True Region posted the highest gross margin among the companies analyzed. The company does not finance operations from the interest gained from trading. The company utilizes internal sources of financing fro majority of its operations. All operations done by the company appear financed from equity capital. The financial analysis indicates the company does no t have any debt. This fundamentally indicates the company minimally utilizes debt financing as an option for funding company operations 2. The operating margin for True Region remains higher than that of the other companies. The company, however, does not post high gross profits. While the gross profit remains low, the profit margin for the company indicates the highest figures among all companies. True Region, therefore, seems to be operating under impressive financial status. The total percentage of denim sales posted by True Region remains the lowest. This could be an indication of the company’s successful shift form overreliance on denim sales 2. With the competition continuing to rise, this shift could immensely improve the financial status of the company. Internal company analysis Strengths The most notable strength for the company lies in the company being ranked as the second largest manufacturer of denim. Within, the United States, this position leaves the company am ong the market leaders within the denim manufacturing industry. The company continues to strengthen this position through expansion. The company has continually increased the number of company owned retail stores. This move forms another strong point for the company 1. The company can immensely increase sale of its products through company owned stores.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company possesses total control over the products sold within company’s retail stores. Limits could be imposed on the availability of products from other companies within these stores. The company also diversified into other kinds of products. This provided an increased range of market. The company could supply clothing manufactured from other material than denim. As indicated by the financial analysis for 2009, denim only comprised 13% of company sales. This means other product s provided a larger percentage than denim 3. Competitiveness of the company becomes overly increased through diversification of products. Hiring of Mike Egeck to the company management immensely increased the quality of the management team. The experience possessed by this gentleman could become essential in managing competition for the company. As the company moves towards diversification, the leadership provided by Egeck becomes essential in managing competition within the industry. Weaknesses The imminent weakness in the company structure remains manufacturing denim products targeting young women. As opposed to other companies, with products for old women, True Region manufactures denim targeting young women. The old generation of women has higher purchasing power than the young ones. This means that the highly-priced denims produced by True Region could find difficulties entering the market 3. This target market might significantly affect the sales achieved by the company. Exter nal company analysis Opportunities The company operations present numerous opportunities towards the future growth of the company. The company already utilizes trendy boutiques as their selling agents. These establishments continue to be market leaders in selling highly-priced products. The contacts established with these boutiques provide the company with a marketing opportunity for the new products 3.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on True Region Jeans: Financial Ratio Analysis and SWOT specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The diversified products the company moved into manufacturing could receive a marketing edge selling through trend outlets. Availability of middle-class individuals with luxurious taste provides another opportunity for the company. These individuals could become the target market for the highly-priced products of True Region. The bankruptcy of Rock and Republic presented new opportunities for True Region. Going down of competitors leaves a supply shortage for products. The company could utilize this opportunity to capture the market gap left by the company. Following the economic rebound, citizens now have increased purchasing power. This means that the company now has a wider range for selling than before. Speedy marketing could be utilized to capture the available market. Threats Numerous threats continue to be presented by the competing companies. Some companies have introduced price-bargained jeans. These products have significantly affected the sale of highly –priced jeans with fixed prices. Another threat occurred in 2007. A general slowdown in the premium denim industry was realized. Coping with the challenges of the slowdown becomes a threat to the company sales. Following the slowdown, upscale stores and boutiques struggled to make impressive sales. These retail outlets remain adamant in stocking highly-priced, denim products. The company experiences imm ense threat from this occurrence as it utilizes these stores in making its sales 1. References Hill, T., R. Westbrook. SWOT Analysis: It’s Time for a Product Recall. Long Range Planning (1997): 30 (1): 46–52. Kieso, D. E., Weygandt, J. J., Warfield, T. D. Intermediate Accounting (12th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons; 2007.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lenskold, James D. The Path to Campaign, Customer, and Corporate Profitability. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2003. This case study on True Region Jeans: Financial Ratio Analysis and SWOT was written and submitted by user Victoria Maldonado to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Thomas Hardy Experienced Great Difficulty Believing In A Forgiving, Ch

Thomas Hardy experienced great difficulty believing in a forgiving, Christian God because of the pain and suffering he witnessed around him. He also endured some pain, with the loss of his wife and suffering during the five years he spent in London that made him ill. As a young man, Hardy wanted to become a clergyman. This vocation was quite a turn around of what he pursued--a career as a famous agnostic writer. He lost faith in his religious, Victorian upbringing. As such, he shared a belief with many modern poets in the futility and waste of human existence. Hardy did believe in a supreme being or as he liked to call him The Immanent Will, but he did not think of Him as a forgiving God like other Christians. Instead, Hardy believed Him to be portrayed as a vengeful God, which we learn from his poem, The Convergence of the Twain: (Lines on the loss of the 'Titanic'). Thomas Hardy wrote this poem with a very noticeable chronological disruption midway through the poem. Unlike most poets who keep their poems in chronological order to maintain suspense throughout the poem, Hardy believed that the subject of the Titanic was so well known that there was not any reason to keep the readers in suspense of what impending doom awaited the Titanic. Instead, he commenced his poem with a description of the Titanic at present: grotesque, slimed, dumb, indifferent(st III). Then he proceeds to the fashioning(st VI) of the famous ship and continues to that famous April evening where the consummation(st XI) of the two titanic masses occurred--the grand ship made from human hands and the silent iceberg made by the Immanent Will(st VI). Hardy does not confine himself inside the walls of set syllables per verse; every stanza has a different number of syllables in each verse. In the first part of his poem the rhythm is very alluring. With proper uses of caesuras, stresses and slacks, Hardy seems to capture the solitude of the sea that he is describing with his steady, gentle sway of words, a rhythmic tidal lyre(st II). While reading this poem, the words seem to move persistently slowly up and down like the tide: I In a solitude of the sea Deep from human vanity, And the Pride of life that planned her, stilly couches she. (lines 1-3) Hardy also numbers all of the eleven stanzas of his poem. The numbering indicates the separation of each one of the stanzas as if to imply that we have to look at this poem as eleven different poems in one. This method gives us a chance to understand the poem more efficiently by studying one stanza at a time. A first reading of the poem would reveal five stanzas describing the gilded gear(st V) at the bottom of the sea and six stanzas that refer to the ship and to the iceberg converging at a point so far and dissociate(st VII). However, an enjambment occurs between stanza VI and stanza VII, as if these two stanzas were meant to be one: The Immanent Will that stirs and urges everything / Prepared a sinister mate(lines 18/19). Ironically, these two stanzas describe both the creation of the ship and the creation of the iceberg that are destined to come together later in time. Hardy takes more of an antithetical approach toward the story of the Titanic than most people think of or 'chose' to think of when they hear of the tragedy. Most people want the story to be told through a tragic, yet romantic, point of view that relates the tragedy of the men, women, and children who were lost on that gruesome night. People relate emotionally to the story of the Titanic by watching the movie that was released in the past year because it is from the point of view of the people on the ship. We see a romantic mood portrayed be the people on the ship and the tragedy suffered in the loss of their loved ones. Consequently, Hardy does not want us to share in this travesty that they have experienced. Instead of a tragic poem of the people involved in this tragic event, Hardy distances himself from the picture, far enough

Russia in WW1 essays

Russia in WW1 essays What were the effects of World War One on Russia up to but not including February 1917? From 1914 through to 1917 Tsar Nicholas II made himself very unpopular among his people. This was due in big part to the First World War. World War One acted like a catalyst, magnifying Russias already bad problems. In 1914 Nicholas was very indecisive, this was because not expecting to be made Tsar so he had no training in decision making, diplomacy or how to rule. He showed this first on Bloody Sunday and again when world war one started. He ignored warnings of political danger and succumb to the pressures of the Duma. One of his first decisions upon entering the war was to order a partial mobilisation of troops against Austria; then when told by his generals that this was unworkable, he ordered general mobilisation. He then cancelled it and let it stand. A perfect example of how indecisive he was. The result of Nicholas inability to make decisions was that Russia was thrown into a war it was not prepared for. The lack of equipment, transportation and training left the Russian troops poised for defeat at Tannenburg and almost everywhere else. The war badly effected the lives of people in Russia. It made the poor even poorer. Millions of male peasants were being conscripted so this left lots of jobs in the factories, jobs that the war had created by needing supplies for the frontline (guns, ammunition etc.). Because there were fewer people and the factories had more needs, people were now working longer hours for the same pay. Conscription also meant there were not enough people to cultivate the land and Russia s poor infra-structure meant they cud not transport food. This meant there were food shortages so the prices of goods were continually rising but wages remained the same. This led to inflation. The standard of living in Russia went down as peoples living conditions decreased. People were going col...

The advantages and disadvantages of MoneyGuidepro Essay

The advantages and disadvantages of MoneyGuidepro - Essay Example Financial planning computer software such as the MoneyGuidepro have gained widespread popularity in the recent past (Drucker & Bruckenstein, 2003). The program has many benefits for financial planners and their clients. For instance, the software facilitates timely completion of financial planning. In essence, the software aids in saving the time spent on analyzing financial reports from various sources such as the financial statements and cash flow statements, thereby, easing financial planning procedures. In this regard, the financial planner can develop multiple plans simultaneously since the information required is configured in one location. The software has outstanding capability to handle complex financial planning problems faster and easier compared to manual planning. Multi-tasking With financial computer planning software, it is possible to perform many task at the same time. For instance, the MoneyGuidepro software facilitates calculations of various variables on the same page. In essence, the software supports combination of various problems on one platform and solving them simultaneously. In addition planning for activities such as retirement, college studies, asset allocation and estate planning is done more conveniently than using manual methods for financial planning (Updegrave, 2013). In essence, the software provides alternative solutions for the financial planner and the client in the planning process.

Islamic Teachings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Islamic Teachings - Essay Example Islam being a diverse religious, has crossed many cultural boundaries where people of various regions have been influenced by its doctrines and rituals and have adapted it to their specific contexts (Bassiri, 1997, p. 43). Islam, is a religion of peace that promotes equality and justice to humanity, and unlike what it is perceived in many cultures as 'a religion of spirituality', Islam has no room for the spiritual dimension. In fact, Islam teaches discipline and a balance in worldly affairs and believes in rationality. This has been the major distinction to what Islam is and what it is perceived in many countries, particularly Islam in South Asia. Similarly, the problem also arises with the discrimination factor of the religion. Koran says, to be one nation, believe in one God and do not discriminate. This notion is never followed, because there are two main sects in this religion, 'Sunnis' and 'Shiites'. Thus, the problem between Islamic teachings and practice is that it varies according to different cultural perceptions and practice. Such variation also occurs for the reason that since Koran is in Arabic, Muslims, who are unaware of Arabic language, often make a distinction between the Koran and a translation of the Koran. This variation has always been considered normal for the main teachings that Muslims are aware of, are commonly practiced in every region and culture. However, difference lies in their interpretation, due to distinct cultures and variations in practices. Translations into the local languages of the Islamic world, are not independent books, but rather interlinear commentaries on the meaning of the text and aids to make the teachings of Islam more simpler to understand. Islam - a monotheist religion recognizes the significance of correct practice, as this is what makes people Muslims and that, for most people, correct belief rests upon correct practice (Murata & Chittick, 1994, p. 9). This study centers around how Islam entered into cultural settings, and how it is perceived and to what extent the teachings are variated in countries like United States, Britain, Middle East, India and Pakistan, along with comparisons from Christianity and Judaism. To what degree Islamic teachings as perceived in various cultural settings contrast with other and what are the ways to assess the interaction between Muslims and non-Muslims communities Islam in the United States and Great Britain Islam in the U.S and UK reflects not only the values and particularities of indigenous cultures of the West, but also of almost all the Islamic communities of the world. By the turn of the fifteenth century, Muslims throughout the peninsula were forced to choose among the unfortunate alternatives of conversion to Christianity, emigration, or death. Many who chose the first, continued to practice their faith in secret, maintaining a hidden conclave of Islam for centuries. Others, when tried openly to rebel suffered through expulsion from the

The Relationship Between Trade Openness and FDI Literature review

The Relationship Between Trade Openness and FDI - Literature review Example This review of literature is directed at finding the measures leading to increased foreign direct investment (FDI) for a country. Although there is a whole range of factors that cause an increase in the foreign direct investment in a country, yet one of the most significant factors has been found to be the country’s openness towards trade. Openness as a concept, has been defined in a number of ways by the researchers in the past. A comprehensive definition of openness is presented below: (t)he concept of openness, applied to trade policy, could be synonymous with the idea of neutrality. Neutrality means that incentives are neutral between saving a unit of foreign exchange through import substitution and earning a unit of foreign exchange through exports. Clearly, a highly export oriented economy may not be neutral in this sense, particularly if it shifts incentives in favor of export production through instruments such as export subsidies. It is also possible for a regime to b e neutral on average, and yet intervene in specific sectors. A good measure of trade policy would capture differences between neutral, inward oriented, and export-promoting regimes. (Harrison, 1996, p. 20). Trade openness has conventionally been scaled by different researchers in different ways, but in a vast majority of cases, trade openness has been measured by its contribution to the overall gross domestic product (GDP) of a country. Factors that have conventionally been employed for the measurement of trade openness include but are not limited to intensity of import trade, intensity of export trade, intensity of trade, intensity of adjusted trade, and the intensity of real trade (Squalli and Wilson, 2006, p. 22). Three models of adjusted trade intensity have conventionally been tried to measure the trade openness. One of them is adjusted trade intensity in which the outliers having high import for the re-rexport are handled with the modification of denominator. This measure was first proposed by Andersen (1994). The second of them is adjusted trade intensity accompanied with the alternative technique to tackle the outliers as initially proposed by Frankel (2000). The third of them is adjusted trade intensity. This is a modified form of the model originally proposed by Frankel (2000). The modification was suggested by Li et al (2004). The seven measures of openness were also cited by the famous economists Kumar and Kandzija (n.d., p. 13) in their article in which they analyzed the integration and trade theory to evaluate the perspectives of trade in Western Balkans. For the purpose of this research, intensity of trade, the three models of intensity of adjusted trade as discussed before, real trade intensity, real world trade intensity (RWTI) and composite trade intensity (CTI) will be used. They will be evaluated with a view to identifying the one that is the most accurate as a measure of openness. Of all the measures, three of the most commonly employed ar e trade intensity (TI), import trade intensity (M/GDP) and export trade intensity (X/GDP). Trade intensity is obtained by dividing the sum of import (X) and import (M) by the GDP. According to Alcala and Ciccone (2004), the estimate generated by TI upon income is affected by the non-tradable on productivity, and is thus, biased downwards. Thus, in their opinion, it is advisable to divide the nominal trade by the real GDP. The different measures of trade openness lay the basis for a technique to find out the extent to which a country is open to the global trade as well as to the consequential advantages of income growth. For instance, the higher a country’s TI, the increased openness of its economy towards the advantages

The Rights Of Women In Afghanistan Sociology Essay

The Rights Of Women In Afghanistan Sociology Essay Majority of Afghanistans nationalities profess Islam as their religion. Originally Islam religion regards men more superior than women in every aspect of life. Due to civilization across the world, Islam reformed and some of its doctrines were changes in favor of women. Equality among human beings was included in Islam, regarding men and women equal in various ways. Since then Islam women acquired different rights that allow them to choose marriage partners, inherit, vote and work among other rights. In Afghanistan, women have experienced continued denial of such rights despite acceptance according to Islam doctrines (Mittra and Kunar 267). Fathers, husbands, brothers and government decrees are some of the factors that hinder women from enjoying their human rights in Afghanistan. Most of these restrictions were rampant during rule of Taliban who forced Afghan women to abandon their decent jobs such as teaching and remain indoors or when outside they ought to be in a mans escort. Since 2001, a new era began with end of Taliban reign; an improvement was recorded in regard to cultural and political position of women in Afghan. Human rights accepted under Islam law, so far are practiced in various parts of Afghan though in rural and remote areas many population regard women unequal (Zama and Sifton 25). For instance, cases of forced marriages, death threats due education matters and denial of chance to participate or enjoy public life are recordable according to research. Inequality and repressiveness of women in Afghanistan can be further be illustrated by statistics that show 75% of women are forced into marriages, 87% of women are illiterate, 33% of women experience sexual violence or physical assault, in every 30 minutes death occurs in relation to child birt h and only 30% of girls access education in Afghanistan. Literature review Introduction Afghanistan remains one of many Islamic regions where women are denied their rights and freedom. Despite acceptance by Islam Laws and governmental regulations and policies to uphold Afghan womans rights throughout in Afghanistan, many Islamic men have continued to oppress women. Most of womens rights have been upheld following intense campaigns by human rights activities from Afghan and other parts of the world (Thomsen 227). Also government efforts have helped in promoting equality by criminalizing oppression of women despite their originality and religion. Most of these changes are focused on matters that concern education, marriage and public life. In literature review section of this research, rights of Afghans woman in regard to freedom of live, dressing, education, marriage and expression will be discussed. Recommendations and conclusion will follow this discussion as part of this research work. Communication freedom Currently, Afghanistan is undergoing reconstruction after many years of war and reign of Taliban. During 1995-2001, Afghan remained under dictatorial leadership by Taliban who encouraged oppression of women and girls through out Afghan. Talibans brutality was to extent of denying women a chance to communicate with other women apart from family members. In most cases, women remained locked in their houses with small dark windows hence disallowing public intermingling. According to research, an Afghan woman could only walk to public with a company of a male counterpart who was supposed to be of the family (Osmańczyk and Mango 2708). These men act as a barrier to communication and information flow among women and men in public. Information could only be acquired from husbands, brothers and fathers who also were women oppressors according to Talibans regulations. Harsh circumstances under which afghan women lived in were not conducive for effective communication. Women associa tions that encourage information sharing in regard to social affairs are not allowed in most parts of Afghanistan. Information flow from one Woman to another is difficult in such situations hence hindering effective communication. As much as right of expression is among rights upheld by Afghan government, many women are denied such rights by men close in their lives. Womans opinion is regarded inferior and a chance to speak out is not availed to many women willing to do so. Rising of voices is made difficult due to widespread of discrimination against female gender in other major areas that contribute towards information flow. Lack of education for girl-child is a major hindrance to free flow of information. Many Afghan women can only converse in their vernacular languages due to illiteracy (Mittra and Kunar 143). Lack of access to education continues to pin many women down in decision making even those concerning their own plight. Lack of ideas coupled with fear is a key factor that makes Afghan women lag behind in raising their voices beyond their homestead. Freedom of communication by women is also prevented their lack of voting freedom. Many women are hindered fro acquiring voting cards to prevent them from taking part in political decisions. Instances of murder of electoral commissioners who tried to register women for voting processes show how far brutalism and discrimination against women has extended in Afghanistan (Thomsen 270). Such situations block womens effort to communicate their views in regard to type of governance they want. Similarly, women candidates can not be enrolled easily for similar positions to those held by men due to repression in association to voting rights. Women representatives in other parts of the world represent other women opinions therefore ensuring plight of female gender is communicated to authorities. In Afghan such chances are not provided hence continued lack of communication freedom. Additionally, lack of media freedom is another obstacle that contributes to communication problems in Afghanistan. Widespread violence coupled with political wrangles in Afghanistan prevents media efforts in steering women in fighting for their rights by speaking out loud. For instance, many journalists have been killed including and others such as Kambakhsh imprisoned for exercising their expression rights (Afkhami 179). Such situations leave women threatened and in fear of going against their male counterparts hence remain silent and oppressed. A country without freedom of expression by non-Taliban has efforts by women to communicate their views to governing bodies. Such strictness by rulers and men in the society has hindered efforts for free communication among women and men. This situation is changing as women with the support of their men, actively create awareness in regard to human equality across Afghanistan. Formation of RAWA in 1977 was an effort to eradicate violence against women and air their voices to the world. RAWA is an organization established by women and its goal is to promote Afghan women rights (Silkenat and Shulman 64). The organization major objective is to create awareness throughout Afghanistan concerning plight of girl-child and women. It also aims at reaching as many women as possible by communicating benefits of treating women with equality. Organization airs womens voices through conferences, public campaigns, internet and demonstrations. RAWA efforts have been realized over the years though right of expression by Afghan women is yet to be gained fully. Freedom of women and girls lives Since the seizure of power by the Taliban in Afghanistan, over 9 million women and girls have been denied basic human rights. This government has imposed laws against women citing religious purity while in the real sense it is persecution against women. For instance, Afghan women are not allowed to either go to school or work away from home a move which has led to closure of several schools owing to shortage of teaching staff as prior to the invasion of the Taliban about 70% of the teaching fraternity comprised of women (Afkhami 201). Devastating effects have been advanced towards widowed women who were the only source of livelihood for their families. In case women and girls want to leave their homes, then they must be escorted by a male relative. A whole body covering known as burqa must be worn. Instances of killings and beatings of the women have been witnessed due to failure of the women to be fully covered or escorted. Specific aspects of life on which Afghan women are oppresse d and to be discussed under this heading include education, marriage and dressing Education A large percentage of women in Afghanistan are illiterate due to banning of schooling for all women and successive wars in the nation had completely paralyzed the Education system. During the reign of the Taliban, community schools were opened and ran by women where girls were taught literacy skills, numeracy skills and such like subjects as Biology, English, cooking, and knitting (Zama and Sifton 27). Unfortunately instances of torture and killings of women teachers by the Taliban were witnessed. After the overthrow of the Taliban administration, substantial aid was advanced to the Karzai administration in order to restore the girl-child education. Lack of funding poses major setbacks to girl-child education with many girls opting to drop out as the facilities are not conducive. For instance, the learning facilities under unprotected structures like tents. Lack of women teachers means that majority of the girls do not attend school as their parents fail to place the care of the girls under men teachers. Since most of the girls schools were destroyed during the Taliban administration, girls and boys learn in the same facilities: a move which has caused massive criticism especially from high ranking government officials (Thomsen 184). This largely translates to discrimination and lack of freedom. Several Afghanistan women have consistently risked their lives by running clandestine schools for the women population. From 2001, Education facilities have recorded increased numbers of female students though persistent attacks by the Taliban as well as other forces present in the area continue to demean the progress achieved in the female Education sector. Cases girls dropping from schools before completing primary level education have been witnessed due to early marriages and family obligations Dressing The Afghanistan women have continually suffered turmoil especially in the type of dressing they are supposed to constantly wear. A specialty made traditional garment known as the Burqa which covers the whole body with a small grind for seeing and breathing must be worn by the women. The Burqa is extremely uncomfortable especially during hot weather (Silkenat and Shulman 58). The excessive covering may instigate illnesses such as asthma due to the discomfort of the dress as dust sticks thus enhancing dampness during breathing. The visibility of the wearer is largely limited as the size of the mesh opening does not provide adequate perceptibility. Afghanistan women claim that when they are wearing the burqa, total invisibility is exuded. It is impossible to know the kind of emotion displayed by a woman during normal conversation. Marriage In this patriarchal society, decisions are largely made by men fraternity. Women do not have the freedom to choose their marriage partners. Arranged marriages are largely advanced in this country based on economic and political reasons. Instances of girls being engaged before they are born are widespread (Zama and Sifton 54). The authority of who should marry a girl lies with the father who can opt to wed his daughter to a person who may be very old but rich. In areas badly hit by poverty, girls are sold off or exchanged for meals. Women are treated as properties as once the marriage contract is signed the girl cannot marry another man. In case she dies a suitable replacement must be offered. Violent cases have resulted when multiple betrothing is done so as to collect dowry from several men. Dowry payment is regarded as compensation for the care and upbringing of the bride. A married Afghanistan woman is controlled by the mother-in-law who makes such critical decisions on her behalf as whether to attend hospital or not and the activities to undertake (Thomsen 130). Women do not receive custody of children in case of a divorce. Though obtaining a divorce is largely difficult for women who are in abusive marriages, the divorced Afghanistan women are regarded as outcasts especially due to the Islamic beliefs and traditions. Recommendations Afghan women should fight for a chance to speak out and join others international women who are fighting against women oppression. By communicating their views to their spouses, brothers and the public will be a major start step towards their social life improvement. Freedom of expression is known as an effective tool for resistance against practices that oppress women. Lack of such freedom, means Afghan women may continue to tolerate discrimination by men under religious grounds which are used for personal political benefit. Social oppression can be overcome through speaking out in any context cultural, political or religious. Granting of women rights in education, employment , leadership and other roles in public life come as a primarily result of women expression against discrimination. Opening of communication channels in Afghanistan is a basic step in eliminating injustices that surround lives of many women and girls. Of importance is the right to vote, that has been used by many countries in defining future of women in those countries. I recommend Afghan women to retain and utilize their rights to vote intelligently as it is part of decision making. Through voting women elect leaders in support of their rights therefore acquiring access to equal opportunities similar to those awarded to men. Continued efforts by women by speaking out, eventually leads to liberation of girls and women from oppressive societal rules. Again, society starts to appreciate need to uphold plight of women and girls hence creating a balanced society that pays attention to both genders. International community should offer greater support to women organizations working with minority women at the grass roots. Awareness creations through educational programs are essential effort towards liberation of Afghan women from social, cultural, religious and political injustices in Afghanistan. International support through funding and enlightenment of few educated afghan women should be upheld as away of developing strong women leaders in Afghanistan. Conclusion In conclusion, Afghanistan is a region known for oppression of women and girls in various aspects of life. Existence of connection between Islam and governance of Afghans facilitates dehumanization among Afghan women. Most life rights and expression freedom are denied to female gender despite acceptance by Islam doctrines. Afghan constitutional rights are not upheld due lack of commitment by authorities concerned and political instabilities hence impacting on women by denying them their legal and human rights. International intervention has calmed Afghanistan human situation but majority of Afghan women and girls remain discriminated and repressed. Work-cited Afkhami, Mahnaz. Faith and freedom: womens human rights in the Muslim world. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1995. Mittra, Sangh and Kunar, Bachchan. Encyclopaedia of Women in South Asia: Afghanistan. New Delhi, India: Gyan Publishing House, 2004 Osmańczyk, Edmund and Mango, Anthony. Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: T to Z. London, UK: Taylor Francis Press, 2003 Silkenat, James and Shulman, Mark. The imperial presidency and the consequences of 9/11: lawyers react to the global war on terrorism. Westport, U.S.A: Greenwood Publishing Group. 2007 Thomsen, Natasha. Womens rights. New York. U.S.A: Facts On File publisher, 2007 Zama, Coursen-Neff and Sifton, John. We want to live as humans: repression of women and girls in western Afghanistan. Washington, D.C: Human Rights Watch, 2002

I-function and AI :: Biology Essays Research Papers

I-function and AI The idea of creative and intelligent nonhumans is at once exciting and extremely useful. Wouldn't it be great to have a computer assistant that could anticipate your needs, or come up with novel solutions on its own? Scientists have often compared the function of the nervous system to computer programming, but does this comparison translate to an actual causal relationship? The way physics describes communication between computer parts in a binary system remarkably resembles the communications between neurons in the body. When considering the brain, science only looks at the physical components. If this physicality is sufficient to explain behavior then we can recreate this mechanism artificially in a computer. Thus, on the surface creating a computer that also shares the human behavior of intelligence and functions of the mind seems possible. To explore the possibilities of artificial intelligence, AI, this paper will consist of four sections. First, we will examine how computer programs and AI systems work. Then, the possibility of comparing these to the mind will be explored. A criterion for intelligence and consciousness will be derived with which to evaluate AI. Finally, the standards will be applied to current AI programs and tests. In conclusion, future for AI will be explored. Computers and Programming Computer programming breaks down to a simple code of on and off circuits, 1's and 0's-- binary code. AI addresses the cognitive skills of solving problems, learning and understanding language (4). Researchers use weak AI as a tool for merely modeling mind systems, whereas strong AI is a mind itself and presents its own set of cognitive explanations (6). AI systems of artificial neural fields compose response rules for themselves based on notions of the present situation. Expert systems, another branch of AI, consist of a knowledge base and a reasoning engine. Systems perform specific tasks by applying the built in knowledge to the task with an interference engine, a reasoning structure (4). Processing relies on rule-based system of if-then statements to form a line of reasoning. The programming of chess programs such as Deep Blue uses this type of limited intellectual mechanisms (5). Other AI programs try to mimic human understanding in language. Weizenbaum's ELIZA program models human communication by engaging in conversation, through asking questions based on responses of a user (6). Another program by Schank simulates human understanding of a story and answers implicit questions about it given a representation of the information presented in the story. I-function and AI :: Biology Essays Research Papers I-function and AI The idea of creative and intelligent nonhumans is at once exciting and extremely useful. Wouldn't it be great to have a computer assistant that could anticipate your needs, or come up with novel solutions on its own? Scientists have often compared the function of the nervous system to computer programming, but does this comparison translate to an actual causal relationship? The way physics describes communication between computer parts in a binary system remarkably resembles the communications between neurons in the body. When considering the brain, science only looks at the physical components. If this physicality is sufficient to explain behavior then we can recreate this mechanism artificially in a computer. Thus, on the surface creating a computer that also shares the human behavior of intelligence and functions of the mind seems possible. To explore the possibilities of artificial intelligence, AI, this paper will consist of four sections. First, we will examine how computer programs and AI systems work. Then, the possibility of comparing these to the mind will be explored. A criterion for intelligence and consciousness will be derived with which to evaluate AI. Finally, the standards will be applied to current AI programs and tests. In conclusion, future for AI will be explored. Computers and Programming Computer programming breaks down to a simple code of on and off circuits, 1's and 0's-- binary code. AI addresses the cognitive skills of solving problems, learning and understanding language (4). Researchers use weak AI as a tool for merely modeling mind systems, whereas strong AI is a mind itself and presents its own set of cognitive explanations (6). AI systems of artificial neural fields compose response rules for themselves based on notions of the present situation. Expert systems, another branch of AI, consist of a knowledge base and a reasoning engine. Systems perform specific tasks by applying the built in knowledge to the task with an interference engine, a reasoning structure (4). Processing relies on rule-based system of if-then statements to form a line of reasoning. The programming of chess programs such as Deep Blue uses this type of limited intellectual mechanisms (5). Other AI programs try to mimic human understanding in language. Weizenbaum's ELIZA program models human communication by engaging in conversation, through asking questions based on responses of a user (6). Another program by Schank simulates human understanding of a story and answers implicit questions about it given a representation of the information presented in the story.

My Favorite Holiday Destination Essay

I have been going to Lumina resort my entire life. Even though my teenage years, where it seemed nothing could entertain my adolescent attitude, I looked forward to vacationing on the lake of bays every summer. As a child, I recall Petticoat. For a few hours every day my parents got a break to do as they pleased, as my sisters and I made crafts, learned songs, played games, and heard stories. It was also a great way to make friends with other children visiting the resort. Lumina always has great Petticoat leaders. The children just adore them; always sitting on their laps, waving at them in the dining room, or dragging along their ankles when the week is over and it’s time for goodbyes! Returning as a teenager never seemed like a lame family holiday. With all the returning friends I had made in years previous, the activities and fun seemed endless. Tubing became a sport to us. Lounging in the sun never seemed so relaxing – with the waves licking the shores and the breez e coming off the bay. I learned how to wakeboard at Lumina; the staff spent countless years helping me stand up on the wake, and never grew tired of my mistakes. Movies in the TV room, playing cards on the deck, eating junk food in the beautifully preserved cabins. All great memories. Every night we would sneak to Frosties – the on-resort convenience store – and get a little something sweet to enjoy. As a young adult, I can’t say I’ve ever had such a great time. The lake of bays club always promises something fun. Wine and Cheese night starts everyone off at the beginning of the week to meet new guests and reconcile with old friends. Poker, pool, and darts allow for good fun with fellow vacation-goers. Live entertainment is my family’s personal favourite. Tobin – the artist that has been recruited for the past few years – is amazing, and keeps the audience dancing, drinking, and having fun. Karaoke night is the night to let loose and show all your new and old friends your talent. Of course, the beach, water activities, sports, tournaments, and excursions are just as much fun in adulthood as they were in childhood. The chef, Shawn, makes some of the best dishes I’ve ever tasted. Whether it’s a classic Caesar salad, or a new recipe, Shawn always promises taste and quality. One of the best benefits to Lumina is the food is included in the price. For your vacation period, you do not have to cook once (this is a great thing for mothers!). The staff are some of the most sociable, and helpful individuals. Tec and Vicky (the owners) can always be found if something needs to be done, or assisted with.

A Comparison of how To His Coy Mistress and The Flea Present and Develop the Poets Arguments Essays

A Comparison of how To His Coy Mistress and The Flea Present and Develop the Poets Arguments Essays A Comparison of how To His Coy Mistress and The Flea Present and Develop the Poets Arguments Paper A Comparison of how To His Coy Mistress and The Flea Present and Develop the Poets Arguments Paper Essay Topic: Arguments Literature The poems To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell and The Flea by John Donne are both written with the same idea in mind, for the authors to get their women or mistresses to be less shy with them. This was a common idea of which poems were based in Marvells and Donnes time due to when a pretty woman was to find herself interacting with a man, it was conventional for her to be shy or unwilling, or at least for a small time at first. With this in mind it is easy to see that both poems include the idea of carpe diem, this means seize the day, in other words make use of the time we have and do not let it go to waste. This was common in the poems written by the metaphysical poets, which both Donne and Marvell were included in. The most obvious comparison of arguments is what the persona is trying to get from his mistress, it is clear that all that the persona has on his mind in The Flea is sexual intercourse, yet in To His Coy Mistress the persona is more interested in love in general not just sex. These arguments set an almost funny theme of the personas persuading their mistresss. There is also a sense of desperation in The Flea because the persona knows that if the flea is squashed that his chances of having sex with his mistress are also squashed. As well as the sense of desperation in The Flea, it is also very humorous. It satirises how the persona cannot get his mistress to have sex with her but she is willing to give up her virginity to something as insignificant as a flea. The poets argument in The Flea is that the flea, an insignificant object, bit his mistress after biting him, therefore mixing their two bloods together, this is Donnes time was considered as forming a bond, the mixing of their bloods bonded the couple together almost like marriage : It suckd me first, and now sucks thee, And in this flea, our two bloods mingled be; This frustrates the persona because the flea has done what his mistress has resisted against performing with him; this shyness is also what Marvells argument is based on. The persona in To His Coy Mistress shows a sense of irritation that his mistress is so coy. The main idea of the poem is that if the persona and his mistress had time then her coyness would be acceptable but they dont have all the time in the world, so must therefore make use of what time they have, the phrase carpe diem is used to describe this. Marvell wrote To His Coy Mistress in three stages. The first stanza talks about if they had all the time in the world, An hundred years should go to praise is an example of the persona stating what they could do if they had an eternity, then his mistresss coyness wouldnt be a problem, the second stanza then brings them back into reality and brings the idea that they dont have all the time in the world into the readers mind: But at my back I always hear Times winged chariot hurrying near; And yonder all before us lie This is describing how time, in other words ultimately Death, is racing towards them and that they dont have long until they will be dead, lying on the ground. Its an interesting use of personification, giving the chariot wings, this creates an image of a chariot of time flying towards them, coming down to get them, in other words take their lives. The final stanza suggests what they should or could be doing now to rectify the problem of coyness: Now let us sport while we may, And now, like amorous birds of prey, Rather at once our time devour The sport which the persona suggests is suggesting let us love each other while we can before our time is devoured. The amorous birds of prey is a good image. It creates an image of them being passionate about their love like a bird of prey would be towards its food. It also creates a sense of urgency because birds who are hunting their prey are viscous and attack very quickly, so it could be interpreted that the persona is using the image to suggest how they need to get over his mistresss coyness urgently. Ultimately To His Coy Mistress was written to get the authors mistress to love him while they still have the time. Similarly The Flea is also written trying to get the authors mistress to do something, perhaps marriage, unlike To His Coy Mistress the persona isnt really bothered about love just sex. The poets argument is that if the flea, and insignificant object can mingle their bloods then why cant they do it, Findst not thyself, nor me the weaker now, this is the persona stating that after the flea had bitten both of them neither of them feel weaker so why should she feel different about losing her virginity to him. And in this flea our two bloods mingled be, Donne uses the word mingled to represent the union of blood between the persona and his love. This reflects the 17th century view that man and woman became one blood in sexual union, the word mingled being indicative of the completeness of their mixing together. The mistress in The Flea however tries to counter his argument by killing the flea. One of the main differences between the two poems is how the mistress is conveyed to the reader. In To His Coy Mistress the mistress isnt given a voice you arent told anything about her or her actions. However you can guess that because the persona describes her as coy, she is perhaps stubborn and plays hard to get, apart from that you dont find anything else out about her and because she isnt given a voice in the poem you never find out her views only his. However in The Flea the mistresss actions are described, she still isnt given a voice so you will never find out exactly what she thinks but you can tell by her actions what she thinks of the personas argument. In the 17th century the idea of mingled blood means marriage, such as Donne said: Oh stay, three lives in one flea spare, Where we almost, yea are more married are. Although the mistress is passive you can tell she obviously doesnt like this thought, so when she kills the flea it isnt just against religion but it shows that the thought of being married to the persona is a preposterous idea. This is fascinating because the persona accuses his mistress of committing suicide by killing the flea: Though use make you apt to kill me, Let not to that, self murder added be, And sacrilege, three sins in killing three. The thought behind this idea is that the flea contains a part of three people, the persona, his mistress and the flea itself. So killing it would be killing a part of all three of them and probably in the personas eyes it is killing his chance of ever having a sexual union with his mistress. Donne used a flea to describe this because fleas were very common in the 17th century. The flea is small insignificant and very unromantic, so using a flea to suggest that the persona and his mistress are married because their bloods are united inside the flea, this is an example of a metaphysical conceit. Both poems are filled with metaphysical conceits, this is when something spiritual, such as love, is turned into a physical image or a surprisingly verbal picture, an example of this is My vegetable love should grow, this is a good example of metaphysical conceit because Marvell describes love, which is definitely not physical, as a physical picture. This is also an example of personification because love cant grow. Another example of a conceit in Times winged chariot hurrying near, this is a conceit of death. Death isnt physical but using it with chariots makes it into a physical image. Conceits can also be described as using something common, such as a flea, to describe something such as a powerful feeling such as love or something absurd. The flea is also a conceit because it is used describe love when it is very common. Another example of Metaphysical Conceit: Let us roll all our strength and all Our sweetness up into one ball, This conceit is describing how the persona and his mistress should collect their strength and their sweetness into a ball; this is one of the many examples of flattery in both of the poems. The first stanza of To His Coy Mistress is filled with examples of flattery: But thirty thousand to the rest. An age at least to every part, And the last age should show your heart. This is a powerful quotation because the persona is suggesting he could spend over thirty thousand years admiring her, only however if they had eternity, thirty thousand years is a very long time so the persona must truly love his mistress to suggest this, however they dont an eternity, so therefore Marvell wrote this poem to try and get his mistress to get her to enjoy what time they have. All the flattery in the first stanza sets the theme and mood of the poems. I think the mood in The Flea at the start of poem is quite depressing; the persona seems to feel rejected that the flea mingled their bloods before he did and that even now his mistress wont have sex with him. There is a sense of not tongue-in-cheek, that the poem isnt very serious, the argument of a flea mingling their bloods before they did it themselves is a humorous idea. In the second stanza the mood of the poem changes because the persona becomes desperate for his mistress not to squash the flea, the personas attitude and approach to his argument chances as well. As his argument develops the pace of the poem also increases. Donne uses religious images and ideas in the hope that they will lull the lady into a submission which she will be comfortable with. Though use make you apt to kill me, Let not to that, self murder added be, And sacrilege, three sins in killing three. Committing suicide is completely against religion so Donne uses it as a last ditch effort to persuade his mistress. The Flea reaches its climax at the end of the second stanza when the flea is squashed. In the third and final stanza the poems pace slows down creating an anti-climax. The personas attitude is almost of disbelief that his mistress was cruel enough to kill the flea which contained part of her and him in it. The mood in To His Coy Mistress, I think, is quite different to that of The Flea. I think the mood is calmer and therefore the personas attitude is more reasonable. The personas argument is split into three parts, the first stanza describes what they could do if they had all eternity, the second stanza brings the poem back into reality and explains how they dont have the all eternity. The third at final stanza suggests what they should do now, again on the theme of carpe diem. However the mood is similar to The Flea because the first stanza is slow paced and calm with the second stanza increasing in pace with an anti-climax in the third stanza when the poem is brought into reality. The persona, although is desperate to get his mistress to love him, I dont think is very forceful, he is relaxed and calm. I think he is like this because he is trying to be understanding with his mistress and try to win her heart that way rather than forcing her into something which she doesnt want to do. For the persona to achieve this in To His Coy Mistress without sounding too forceful, he compliments his mistress a lot and uses a lot of flattery: An hundred years should go to praise Thine eyes, and on thy forehead gaze, Two hundred to adore each breast, But thirty thousand to the rest; The persona is suggesting that if they had all eternity he could spend over thirty thousand years showing affection towards her. This is a very powerful thing to say and shows a huge amount of affection for his mistress. It is ironic that after the first stanza being so flattering that the second stanza is filled with the idea of death. Deserts of vast eternity is a powerful images which combines space and time which suggests that there is nothing once they have died, a large open nothingness. The next two lines, Thy beauty shall no more be found, / Nor, in thy marble vault, shall sound, is an interesting choice of words. Again, it is a use of flattery calling the mistress beauty but it suggests that her beauty will go to waste in her tomb. The persona continues then to go on and that worms will try her long preserved virginity. This is very similar to the flea, they are both very unromantic beings, which is likely to be the main part behind the poets arguments. The worm is also a metaphysical conceit because the it isnt romantic yet it is suggested to do something which is considered to be the climax of romance. To His Coy Mistress follows some biblical references. The flood is an important time in religion because it supposedly rid the world of sin, however the persona is suggesting that he could physically love his mistress from ten years before that. Another religious phrase is conversion of the Jews, this would require a substantiated second coming for the son of God, or in other words, it will never happen. This suggests that the persona and his mistress have all of time to love each other, so h er coyness wouldnt be a problem but they dont have much time, so her coyness is a big issue. There are some religious ideas in The Flea. The first obviously religious idea in the poem is the reference to its intention, persuading his mistress that giving up her virginity would not be sin, nor shame, Donne suggests this religion order to argue that it doesnt apply in this case. Another religious strain follows the logic This flea is you and I, this suggests that there are three souls in one body, this is meant to echo The Trinity of the father, the son and the Holy Spirit all being together. The final religious idea is one back to the idea of killing the flea, not only would it be committing suicide which is against the Christian Religion but the way in which it is described, the nail which the personas mistress killed the flea with is purpled with blood of innocence, this is how Christ is described, killed for no reason and completely innocent. The Flea and To His Coy Mistress have similar rhyme schemes, both in iambic tetrameter, however The Flea alternates metrically between lines in iambic tetrameter and iambic pentameter, a 4-5 pattern with two pentameter lines at the end of each stanza. The Flea has a regular rhyme scheme, in couplets, with the final line rhyming with the previous couplet: AABBCCDDD. To His Coy Mistress also rhymes in couplets. Having a regular rhyming pattern makes the poem more enjoyable to read and it drives the development of the argument, which might be another idea of the poets because it makes their arguments more easily read. Although The Flea and To His Coy Mistress dont have exactly the same meaning; one to get love, the other to have sex; they are similar poems. Both poems are filled with metaphysical conceits and ideas about religion. The language used is similar in both with it being persuasive. I think that To His Coy Mistress is the stronger poem of the two because it is a lot more reasonable and it goes at love in the more conventional, traditional way, complementing the person you love rather than being forceful like in The Flea. I think that the poets both have different views on love, I think that Donne considers women to be objects, purely for enjoyment, whether it is sexual or not. However Marvell wants marriage and a long term relationship.

Tips For Writing An A+ Worthy Essay

Tips For Writing An A+ Worthy Essay Tips For Writing An A+ Worthy Essay If you are a student, you know it can be difficult to write a powerful essay. It can also be daunting if you don’t comprehend the content of the research you read. Here are some tips for writing an A+ worthy essay: Topic is Key Having a firm understanding of your topic is important in order to convince the reader. To get an A+, though, the essay needs to stand out from the crowd. If you can add some originality to how you address the topic, this can improve the final grade. Creating the Thesis First, concentrate on the thesis, as it’s through line of thought that holds your essay. Brainstorm ideas that will become your arguments. Dont buy into the myth that having three arguments is necessary. Having one strong argument can be enough to convince your reader. But if you have developed several good, convincing arguments, by all means, use them. The Hook The hook (also known as the attention grabber) is included in the introduction and is used to spark a readers interest. Your hook is also used in the conclusion. The attention grabber can be in the form of a question regarding the topic, but should cover a broader thought which then leads into the thesis. By adding the hook to the conclusion, you provide an answer to the initial question that got your readers attention. Giving a thorough answer will allow your reader to fully understand the writer’s point of view. Research, Research, Research Research plays a crucial role in an essay, so make sure you have all of the facts to help explain your arguments. The library or internet are great places to begin seeking information to back up your thesis. While researching and using the information, create a bibliography to recognize the resources you used. Transition Statements Connect each section of your essay with a transition statement. These allow your essay to read smoothly from beginning to end. Do you have an essay that you are having difficulty putting together? Are you confused about a particular section of your essay? Contact today toll-free at 1-800-573-0840.

Mandatory Vaccines Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mandatory Vaccines - Research Paper Example Parents in the US have, for many years, been reluctant to have their children vaccinated because of the supposed link between Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism. This fear can partly be attributed to the fact; despite the overarching research on autism, there are still gaps in the identification of its causal factors. Parents are inclined toward suspecting MMR vaccine as the causal factor for autism because vaccination will have some impact on the child’s health over the passage of time. However, there is plentiful evidence from research that suggests that there is no valid reason or evidence that supports the consideration of MMR vaccine to be a cause of autism in children. In their research, Neal A. Halsey, Susan L. Hyman, and the Conference Writing Panel (2001) reviewed all information presented on the link by the parents, physicians, and scientists and found that there is no scientific cause-and-effect relationship between MMR vaccine and autism. The board further discussed the actual causes of autism and emphasizes a need for the pediatricians to ensure the reception of immunizations (Halsey et al., 2001). Gerber and Offit (2008) found more than 20 studies from researchers from all across the globe that could not find any evidence that would suggest the existence of a link between vaccines and autism. These scientifically incorrect theories are misleading and undermine the true causal factors of autism, substituting them with vaccination in the early childhood. Not only has vaccination found to have no cause-and-effect relationship with autism by a number of studies, but also certain studies have shown how not vaccinating can induce motor developmental abnormalities in children. Chelsea Flowers Anderson shares the story of Jennifer Russo discussing how her experience with her daughter transformed her from being anti-vax

Gutai as critique of the traditional concept of Modernism Research Paper

Gutai as critique of the traditional concept of Modernism - Research Paper Example This damage and destruction took place in the course of centuries and it was described as the beauty of decay. I believe this concept is valid in many people’s imaginations today and by looking into the artworks of the Gutai movements it becomes evident this technique expressed the true art. In the modern art world, it seems to be very difficult to understand the relationship between society and art. Gutai was one of the movements that took place in Japan after the post-war chaotic situation. This movement had specific intentions and purposes which is why it is the most important art movement of this time. This art movement has many characteristics which make it relevant in the media art today. ‘Electric Dress’ was a work by Tanaka which helps in examining and understanding the current media art in Japan (Berghuis 21). The work of Tanaka was remarkable and revolutionary which still holds importance. It was in 1945 after the World War II that the Japanese society h ad come under desperation and chaos. It was then when the artists tried to bring a revolutionary movement which would promote different art works and activities to make a new world. Yoshihara declared that the liberal position of the people was the most important thing which was conveyed through the medium of art. The liberal position of the people who were currently living in the desperation and chaotic time was focused because they believed that the freedom is the main source for human development. The art movement described the position of the people as free. Thus, the main idea behind this movement was to bring out the reality of the society and overcome the situation (Tiampo 84). Tanaka was an artist involved in the Gutai movement and she produced the ‘Electric Dress’ which was stage clothes. The concept was that she changed her clothes frequently during the performance and the colours of the dress were bright and blinking from the electric light bulbs. This showed the attractive beauty from the light bulbs which the human hand could not create. This was the time after which the stage performances became more attractive and pleasing to the audience’s view. Tanaka worked with bringing the newest technology to application by experimenting and using the electric media to promote her artistic work. Her work and skill leaves a huge impression on the Western arts and to the modern arts. However, despite such efforts, Tanaka did not receive appreciation by the Japanese art scene because of her highly skilful work for the newly started art movement. I believe that Tanaka’s efforts left a mark on the art world and even though it was later recognized and encouraged, initially it was seen as a threat to the traditional modernization. The Gutai movement had new and different ideas because all the members of the movement were young artists, who were raised under traditional values of religion and spiritual importance. These artists knew the artistic traditions of Japan but through this movement they decided to completely overrule the past attempts and approaches. Their vision towards this movement was rather different. They aimed to create a relationship between art, body, space and time. The Gutai movement was a revolutionary movement and it started in Japan almost ten years after the World War II had ended. The roots of the Gutai movement

Analyze and evaluate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyze and evaluate - Essay Example Evidently, the two queries differ in the sense that one ought to be responded to by virtue of proving the existence of God while the second already holds the truth of God’s existence yet seeks resolution concerning how God’s qualities may or may not suit the act of deception. On this ground, it follows that the two proofs of God’s existence are necessarily different. To analyze how the synthesis of one proof is distinct from that of the other, in the process, one would be able to figure that besides God’s existence, the properties associated with the existing entity, being supreme and infinite in nature, must be utilized to affirm a congruous proposition that God cannot be a deceiver. According to Descartes’ ontological argument stating â€Å"The mere Idea of God, proves God’s existence† (Descartes’ First Proof, Med. III) -- God, being a concept, is sufficient proof in itself of His existence and this may be found to acquire str ong support from the unshakeable truth â€Å"I think therefore I am† (Med. II) for with this conclusion is the knowledge of the fact that the rational capacity of an individual attests to his being and the natural ability to rationalize as such is not without value or consequence so that what is conceived exists as well. Thus, the notion of God in the mind is all that it takes to establish the truth that God does exist though no material or concrete evidence is perceived. Descartes, however, further explicates â€Å" †¦ because I cannot conceive anything but God to whose essence existence necessarily pertains† (Descartes’ Argument in Med. V) and that â€Å"By the name God, I understand a substance infinite, [eternal, immutable], independent, all-knowing, all-powerful† (Med. III: 22 – 23). In addition, hence, Descartes acknowledged herein that the encompassing presence of God entails the presence of attributes preconceived or known prior in ref erence to God on the basis of which, he manages to validate that through God’s perfection, the idea of God’s infinity must have been something implanted by God himself (Med. III:38) for Descartes argues â€Å"I should not, however, have the idea of an infinite substance, seeing I am a finite being† (Med. III:23). Apparently, Descartes needed the two proofs of God’s existence to be able to substantiate a sound claim that it is not possible for God to deceive the philosopher despite his finite limits and weakness as a rational human being. Having realized that God is perfect occurs equivalent to having arrived at the thought that deception may only come from the absolute opposite of perfection which is imperfection (Med. III). Both proofs are of equal significance for in the event God could not be proven to exist, it is useless to find out the likelihood that he is a deceiver and similarly, it makes no sense to justify God’s existence alone for this would readily demand investigation of what he is made of in finer details. Rather than operating from different aspects, independent of each other, they function hand in hand to strengthen one another’s validity and worth. Secondly, does Descartes give a satisfactory account of human error, given a perfect and divine creator? Are Descartes’ arguments convincing, or does it still seem unnecessary and less than perfect that God created us with flaws? Descartes finds â€Å"error is virtually a moral failing, the willful exercise of my powers of believing in excess of my

Igor Stravinsky Essay Example for Free

Igor Stravinsky Essay Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky was born on June 17th, 1882 in Oranienbaum, Russia. He was one of four to his polish parents, Anna nà ©e Kholodovsky and Fyodor Stravinsky. Igor Stravinsky’s first exposer to music was from his father, who was a bass singer at the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg. His father helped him learn the love of music. His first musical education began at the age of nine with piano lessons, studying music theory, and attempting composition. By fifteen, he had mastered Mendelssohn’s Piano Concerto in G Minor and finished a piano reduction of a string quartet by Glazunov. That same year, Stravinsky rebelled against the Russian Orthodox Church and abandoned it. Even though he excelled in music, his parents still wanted him to become a lawyer. In 1901, Stravinsky enrolls at the University of Saint Petersburg; however he never attends many of his classes during the four years of school. When it came time to take final examinations in 1905, the school was closed for two months because of Bloody Sunday. He then later received a half course diploma in April 1906. In 1902, Stravinsky began receiving private lessons from Nikolai Rimsky- Korsakov, the leading Russian composer at that time. That very same year Stravinsky’s father dies from cancer. In 1905 Igor Stravinsky proposes to his first cousin Catherin Nossenko. Even though the Orthodox Church opposes marriage of first cousins, they got married on January 23rd, 1906. The same of his marriage, Stravinsky’s creates first important composition Symphony in E Flat. The following year they have their first child Theodore and then the next year they have their second child Ludmila. The same year as Ludmila’s birth, Rimsky, Stravinsky’s father like figure, dies. In 1909, Stravinsky’s compositions, Scherzo fatastique and Feu d’artifice (Fireworks) where performed at a concert in St. Petersburg. In that very audience Serge Diaghilev, founder of the Ballets Russes, was extremely impressed. He was so impressed that he chooses Stravinsky to carry out orchestrations and to compose a full length ballet, The Firebird. In 1910 Stravinsky travels Paris for the premier of The Firebird. At this performance he meets Claude Debussy, Maurice Ravel, and many other important musicians. Towards the end of the ballet season, his family moves to Switzerland with him and, Catherine expecting her third child. In Lausanne, Switzerland in September 1910, Sviatoslav Soulima their third son was born. In 1911, Stravinsky completes another successful ballet, Petrushka. Three years later, Stravinsky composes the two part ballet Le Sacre du Primtemps (The Rite of Spring). This ballet marked the coming of modernism in music and was met with astonishment and hostility. The riot that followed was the most notorious event in music history. Right after the performance, he developed typhoid fever, which took six weeks to recover from. Around the same time, Catherina and Ludmila were found to have tuberculosis. A year later Ludmila did and after giving birth to their fourth child Maria Milena, Catherina also died. Three months after that his mother died also. After all these deaths in his life, Stravinsky also diagnosed with tuberculosis. He spent five months recovering with his newest daughter Milena; she took six years to recover. Stravinsky met Vera de Bosset in Paris in February 1921, his new wife to be. At the time when they first met Vera was still married to the painter and stage designer Serge Sudeikin. They began an affair which led Vera to leave her husband. During his last years in Paris, Stravinsky made professional connections with people in the U.S.

Heart Of Darkness :: essays research papers

In this paper I will show the effect the "Heart of Darkness" had on Kurtz in the stages prior to, the Kurtz in transition, and at the end of his journey. The Kurtz prior to his journey was a man with a noble heart. We learn about Kurtz prior to his journey by listening to the conversations Marlow has when he returns from Africa. Marlow talked with Kurtz’ cousin, an old colleague, and his Intended. Kurtz "was a universal genius" (244). The old colleague told of "how the man could talk. He electrified large meetings. He had faith†¦He could get himself to believe anything" (244). Marlow fully agreed with this statement. Marlow said, "This is the reason why I affirm that Kurtz was a remarkable man. He had something to say. He said it" (241). He was one of those men who you had to admire. You HAD to love him, if you knew him. The Intended said, "she had been worthy of him" (248). She speaks of him as almost a god. The Intended promises Marlow she was worthy of him, she had all his noble confidence. Their engagement wasn’t approved because Kurtz wasn’t wealthy enough. Kurtz had the ability to draw "men towards him by what was best in them" (249). This is the gift of the great. Kurtz was a great man. He was a born leader. The Kurtz prior to the journey seems to be a man with a heart of gold. "His goodness shone in every act" (250). But in actuality his soul was conformed by society and the "warning voice of a kind neighbor" (206). He was a man with principles just because principles were all around him. Kurtz was dependent on that kind neighbor to keep him noble. The Kurtz in transition was a man with a heart that understands what is going on in the jungle. Kurtz is described as a first-class agent, a very remarkable person, who will go very far. Kurtz drew a painting of a woman, draped and blindfolded, carrying a lighted torch. The painting had a background that was somber-almost black. Her movements were stately, and the effect of the torch-light on the face was sinister (169). Kurtz had painted this while he was at the Central Station. This painting is Kurtz’ view of the colonization of Africa. The blindfold refers to the lack of vision that the advancing civilization going into Africa has.

The Development Of Credit Unions

A credit union is a member owned member controlled not-for-profit cooperative financial institution. Credit unions were formed to provide loans to its members at lower rates of interest than would be other wise available. The first credit union was formed by a group of farmers in Belgium, 1848, during a period of severe economic depression. Townspeople pulled their money together to provide loans to each other. This cooperative approach helped farmers avoid paying the high rates being charged by â€Å"loan sharks†. These loans enabled a farmer to buy the necessities to plant a crop or to help members buy coal in bulk at lower prices. At the time of their origins the only financial assistance available was the local moneylenders. At the time of the depression people who took out loans were forced to pay expensive interest rates. Credit Unions serve low-income people. A person†s ability (income) to repay is considered more important than the desire to sustain the assets of the credit union. Members are borrowing their own money and that of their peers. By 1900 the first financial cooperative idea had spread from Germany to Canada. Canadas successful efforts influenced two Americans. Pierre Jay the Massachusetts bank commissioner and Edward A. Filene a Boston merchant. These two men helped organized public hearings on the credit union legislative in Massachusetts. This led the establishment of the first Credit Union Act in the United States in 1909. The growth of credit unions across the U.S. was slow. Fewer than 10 states passed credit union laws. 1934 Congress passed the Federal Credit Union Act. This act set the basic structure, which governs credit unions today, examples: Member control is democratically exercised regardless of the number of shares held. Loans, which are primary investment for credit union, are made exclusively to members. A board of directors supervises management By 1935 38 states and the District of Columbia had laws permitting the establishment of credit union and over 3,000 were in existence. In 1970†³s credit unions were battling with the government for federal share insurance and the campaign for national fund to support the community developed credit unions (CDCU). In 1970 congress established the National Credit Union Administration (NCUA) an independent agency responsible for regulating and chartering federal credit unions and NCUA and Congress also established the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund. This enabled the NCUA to insure the shares of all the federal and state credit unions. In 1978 the Federal Credit Union Act was amended to establish a three-member board, appointed by the president, to head NCUA. Nationally, there are almost 11,000 credit unions with over 73 million members. The Credit Union National Association (CUNA) is the national trade for credit unions. In addition, there are 50 state credit union leagues and leagues for the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. The credit union movement is growing throughout the world, including third-world countries and Europe where people need assistance with setting up consumer finance systems. There are over 37,000 credit unions worldwide in 87 nations with over 88 million members.